完全版英语词汇学名词解释.docx

完全版英语词汇学名词解释.docx

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完全版英语词汇学名词解释

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完全版英语词汇学名词解释

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第一章word

1.Word---Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfuntion.

第三章formation1

1.Morpheme---Amorphemeisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.

2.Allomorph---Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Suchalternativemorphsareknowasallomorphs.

3.Freemorphemes（Freeroot）---Theyaremorphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemes.

4.BoundMorphemes---Theyaremorphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewords.

5.Boundroot---Aboundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.Unlikeafreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.

6.Affixes---Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.

7.Inflectionalaffixes---Affixesattachestotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareknownasinflectionalmorphemes.

8.Derivationalaffixes---Derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.

9.Prefixes---Prefixesareaffixesthatcomebeforetheword.

10.Suffixes---suffixesareaffixesthatcomeaftertheword.

11.Root---Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalysedwithouttotallossofidentity.

12.Stem---astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.

第四章formation2

1.Affixation---affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.

2.Prefixation---istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.

Suffixation---istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.

3.Compounding（Compositon）--istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.

4.Conversion--istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.

5.Blending--istheformationofnewwordsbycombinedbypartsoftwowordsorawordplusaplusapartofanotherword.

6.Clipping-istheformationofnewwordsbyshorteningalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremaininstead.

7.Acronymy--istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.

8.Back-formation--isaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedaffix.E.g.editorenteredthelanguagebeforeedit.

第五章meaning

1.Reference---therelationshipbetween language and the world.

2.Concept ---whichbeyondlanguage,is the result of human cognition,reflectingthe

objective world in the human mind.

3.Sense– denotes the relationship inside the language.

4.Motivation--accountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.

5.OnomatopoeicMotivation--Thesewordswerecreatedbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.

6.MorphologicalMotivation--Compoundsandderivedwordsaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombined.

7.SemanticMotivation--referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.

8.EtymologicalMotivation--Thehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningoftheword

9.Grammatical meaning – refer to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships.

10.Lexical meaning--is constant in all the words within or without context related to the notion that the word conveys.

11.Conceptual meaning （denotative meaning） – the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning

12.Associative meaning – the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.   It is open-ended and indeterminate

13.Connotative meaning ---the overtones or association suggested by the conceptual meaning

14.Stylistic meaning – stylistic features make the words appropriate for different contexts.

15. Affective meaning – the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.

第六章SenseRelationsandsemanticField

23.Abbreviationincludesfourtypes:

I.ClippedwordsII.InitialismsIII.Acronyms

I.

II.Initialisms--arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedasletters.E.g.IMF/aiemef/=InternationalMonetaryFund.

III.

IV.Blends--arewordsthatarecombinedbypartsofotherword

12.OpaqueWords--Wordsthatareformedbyonecontentmorphemeonlyandcannotbeanalysedintopartsarecalledopaquewords,suchasaxe,glove.

13.TransparentWords--Wordsthatconsistofmorethanonemorphemesandcanbesegmentedintopartsarecalledtransparentwords:

workable（work+able）,door-man（door+man）.

14.Morphs--Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.

15.Allomorps--Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Suchalternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs.Forinstance,themorphemeofplurality{-s}hasanumberofallomorphsindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.incats/s/,inbags/z/,inmatch/iz/.

16.DerivationorAffixation--Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation.

17.Polysemy—thewordwithmorethanonesensesorwhichcanbeusedtoexpressmoremeaning.

18.Diachronicapproach–Diachronically，polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword.Thisfirstmeaningistheprimarymeaning.Withtheadvanceoftimeandthedevelopmentoflanguage，ittookonmoreandmoremeanings.Theselattermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings.

19.Synchronicapproach–synchronically，polysemyisviewedasthecoexistentofvariousmeaningofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime.Thebasicmeaningofawordisthecoreofwordmeaning.Thecoreofwordmeaningcalledthecentralmeaning（secondarymeaning）.

20.Radiation–asemanticprocesswhichshowsthattheprimarymeaningstandsatthecenterandeachofthederivedmeaningsproceedoutofineverydirectionlikerays.

21.Concatenation–meaning“linkingtogether”，isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntil，inmanycases，thereisnotasignofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichtheternhadatthebegining.

22.Homonyms——aregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.

23.PerfectHomonyms——arewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling，butdifferentinmeaning.

24.Homographs——arewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning.

25.Homophones（mostcommon）——arewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning.

26.Synonyms—arewordsdifferentinsoundandspellingbutmostnearlyalikeorexactlythesameinmeaning.

27.AbsoluteSynonyms——arewords，whichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects，i.e.bothingrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning，includingconceptualandassociativemeanings.

28.Relativesynonyms——aresimilarornearlythesameindenotationbutembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.

29.Antonyms——arewordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.

TypesofAntonyms（accordingtothesemanticopposition）

1）Contradictoryterms–theseantonymsaretrulyrepresentoppositenessofmeaning.Theyaresoopposedtoeachotherthattheyaremutuallyexclusiveandadmitnopossibilitybetweenthem.Theyassertionofoneisthedenialoftheother.

2）Contraryterms——ascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.

3）Relativeterms–consistofrelationaloppositeness.Thepairsofwordsindicatesuchasocialrelationshipthatoneofthemcannotbeusedwithoutsuggestingtheother，thetypeisalsoreverseterms.Thetwowordsofeachpairinterdependent.

.Hyponymy——dealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Thatis，themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.

Thesespecificwordsareknownashyponyms（下义词）.Forinstance，tulipandrosearehyponymsofflower.Thegeneralwordfloweristhesuperordinateterm（上义词）andthespecificonestulipandrosearethesubordinateterms（下义词）.

第七章changesinwordmeaning

1.Extension（generalization）——Itisaprocessbywhichawordwithaspecializedsenseisgeneralizedtocoverabroaderorlessdefiniteconcept.

2.Narrowing（specialization）——Itisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarrowerorspecializedsense.

3.Elevationoramelioration——referstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.

4.Degradationorpejorationofmeaning——Itisaprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationornon-affectivewordscometobeusedinderogatorysense.

5.Transfer——Itisaprocessbywhichaworddenotingonethingchangestorefertodifferentbutrelatedthing.

第八章context

Theextra-linguisticcontextmayextendtoembracetheentireculturebackground.

Linguisticcontextcanbesubdividedintolexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext

LexicalContext–referstothewordsoccurtogetherwiththewordinquestion.

Grammaticalcontext–Themeaningsofawordmaybeinflectedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.

第九章：

idioms

1.Idiom—idiomsconsistofsetphrasesandshortsentences，whicharepeculiartothelanguageinquestionandloadedwi