职称英语考试《理工类》每日一练精选及答案052828.docx

职称英语考试《理工类》每日一练精选及答案052828.docx

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职称英语考试《理工类》每日一练精选及答案052828

职称英语考试《理工类》每日一练精选及答案0528-28

1、LightNight,DarkStars

Thousandsofpeoplearoundtheglobestepoutsidetogazeattheirnightsky.Onaclearnight,withnoclouds,moonlight,orartificiallightstoblocktheview,peoplecanseemorethan14,000starsinthesky,saysDennisWard,anastronomer（天文学家）withtheUniversityCorporationforAtmosphericResearch（UCAR）inBoulder,Colo.Butwhenpeoplearesurroundedbycitylights,hesays,they'reluckytosee150stars.

Ifyou'veeverdriventowardabigcityatnightandseenitsglowfromagreatdistance,you'vewitnessedlightpollution.Itoccurswhenlightfromstreetlights,officebuildings,signs,andothersourcesstreamsintospaceandilluminates（照亮）thenightsky.Thishaze（朦胧）oflightmakesmanystarsinvisibletopeopleonEarth.Evenatnight,bigcitieslikeNewYorkglowfromlightpollution,makingstargazingdifficult.

Dustandparticlesofpollutionfactoriesandindustriesworsentheeffectsoflightpollution."Ifonecityhasalotmorelightpollutionthananother,"Wardsays,"thatcitywillsuffertheeffectsoflightpollutiononamuchgreaterscale."

Hazyskiesalsomakeitfarmoredifficultforastronomerstodotheirjobs.

Citiesaregettinglarger.Suburbsaregrowinginoncedark,ruralareas.Lightfromallthisnewdevelopmentisincreasinglyobscuring（使变模糊）thefaint（微弱的）lightgiveoffbydistantstars.Andifscientistscan'tlocatetheseobjects,theycan'tlearnmoreaboutthem.

Lightpollutiondoesn'tonlyaffectstarvisibility.Itcanharmwildlifetoo.It'sclearthatartificiallightcanattractanimals,makingthemgooffcourse.There'sincreasingevidence,forexample,thatmigrating（迁徙）birdsusesunsetsandsunrisestohelpfindtheirway,saysSydneyGauthreauxJr.,ascientistatClemsonUniversityinSouthCarolina,"Whenlightoccursatnight,"hesays,"ithasaverydisruptive（破坏性的）influence."Sometimesbirdsflyintolightedtowers,high-rises,andcablesfromradioandtelevisiontowers.Expertsestimatethatmillionsofbirdsdiethiswayeveryyear.

Thetitle"LightNight,DarkStars"means______.【单选题】

A.thenightskyisbrightlylitupandstarsareblack

B.lightsappearatnightandstarsareseeninthedark

C.citylightsatnightilluminatestarsinthesky

D.citylightsilluminatethenightsky,makingstarsinvisible

正确答案:

D

答案解析:

本题有一定难度，需要通读全文，文章谈到人造光源使科学家无法观测到天空星体发出微弱光线，换句话说，夜晚的灯光使星星变暗了，回来看选项，D项符合原文句意，是答案。

2、AnIntelligentCar

Drivingneedssharpeyes,keenears,quickbrain,andcoordinationbetweenhandsandthebrain.Manyhumandrivershaveall.theseandcancontrolafast-movingcar.Buthowdoesanintelligentcarcontrolitself?

Thereisavirtualdriverinthesmartcar.Thisvirtualdriverhas"eyes,""brains","hands"and"feet",too.Themini-camerasoneachsideofthecararehis"eyes,"whichobservetheroadandconditionsaheadofit.Theywatchthetraffictothecar'sleftandright.Thereisalsoahighlyautomaticdrivingsysteminthecar.Itisthebuilt-incomputer,whichisthevirtualdriver's"brain".His"brain"calculatesthespeedsofothermovingcarsnearitandanalyzestheirpositions.Basingonthisinformation,itchoosestherightlinefortheintelligentcars,andgives______tothe"hands"and"feets"toactaccordingly.Inthisway,thevirtualdrivercontrolshiscar.

Whatisthevirtualdriver'sbestadvantage?

Hereactsrapidly.Themini-camerasaresendingimagescontinuouslytothe"brain".Itcompletestheprocessingoftheimageswithin100milliseconds.However,theworld'sbestdriveratleastneedsonesecondtoreact.Besides,whenhetakesaction,heneedsonemoresecond.

Thevirtualdriverisreallywonderful.Hecanreducetheaccidentrate.considerablyonexpressway.Inthiscase,canwelethimhavethewheelatanytimeandinanyplace?

Expertswarnthatwecannotdothatjustyet.Hisabilitytorecognizethingsisstilllimited.Hecannowonlydriveanintelligentcaronexpressways.

【单选题】

A.space

B.locations

C.instructions

D.time

正确答案:

C

答案解析:

根据空白所在的局部结构，以使它们做出相应的动作判断，C（指令）是答案。

3、BreastfeedingCanCutCardiovascularRisk

Breastfeedingcanreducetheriskofaheartattackorstrokelaterinlifeandcouldpreventhundredsofthousandsofdeathseachyear,researcherssaidonFriday.

Babieswhoarebreastfedhavefewerchildhoodinfectionsandallergiesandarelesspronetoobesity.Britishscientistshavenowshownthatbreastfeedingandslowgrowthinthefirstweeksandmonthsoflifehasaprotectiveeffectagainstcardiovasculardisease.

"Dietsthatpromotemorerapidgrowthputbabiesatriskmanyyearslaterintermsofraisingtheirbloodpressure,raisingtheircholesterolandincreasingtheirtendencytodiabetesandobesity-thefourmainriskfactorsforstrokeandheartattack."saidProfessorAlanLucasoftheInstituteofChildHealthinLondon.

"Ourevidencesuggeststhatthereasonwhybreast-fedbabiesdobetterisbecausetheygrowmoreslowlyintheearlyweeks."

Lucassaidtheeffectsofbreastfeedingonbloodpressureandcholesterollaterinlifearegreaterthananythingadultscandotocontroltheriskfactorsforcardiovasculardisease,otherthantakingdrugs.

Anestimated17millionpeopledieofcardiovasculardisease,particularlyheartattackandstrokes,eachyear,accordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization.

Lucasandhiscolleaguescomparedthehealthof216teenagerswhoasbabieshadeitherbeenbreastfedorgivendifferentnutritionalbabyformulas'TheyreportedtheirfindingsinTheLancetmedicaljournal.

Theteenagerswhohadbeen______hada14percentlowerratioofbadtogoodcholesterolandlowerconcentrationsofaproteinthatisamarkerforcardiovasculardiseaserisk.

Theresearchersalsofoundthatregardlessofthechild'sweightatbirth,thefastertheinfantsgrewintheearlyweeksandmonthsoflife,thegreaterwastheirlaterriskofheartdiseaseandstroke.Theeffectwasthesameforbothboysandgirls.

"Themorehumanmilkyouhaveinthenewbornperiod,theloweryourcholesterollevelis,theloweryourbloodpressureis16yearslater,"Lucassaid.

【单选题】

A.surveyed

B.interviewed

C.handled

D.breastfed

正确答案:

D

答案解析:

选项D是文章主题词，因此成为答案的可能性较大。

从句意看，该句讲述“曾经的青少年中坏胆固醇与好胆固醇的比率要低14%，而且他们的蛋白质积聚也较低，而蛋白质的积聚是患心血管疾病风险高低的标志之一”。

文章主题是“母乳喂养能够减少心血管疾病的危险”，由此推测出现这种较好健康情况的人应该是“母乳喂养的人”，因此答案是D。

4、WavingWithLight

IntheSierraMadremountainrangeofwestcentralMexico,thenativeHuicholpeoplelivemuchthewaytheirancestorsdidwithoutelectricity.That'sbecauseit'stooexpensivetostringpowerlinestotheremotemountainareaswheretheylive.Tohelpsupportthemselves,theHuicholcreatebeautifulartwork.Theyselltheirartincitieshundredsofmilesawayfromtheirvillages.Andwithoutelectricityathomeorontheroad,theycanonlyworkduringdaylighthours.Whenitgetsdark,theymuststopwhateverthey'redoing.

Now,ateamofscientists,designers,andarchitectsareusingnewtechnologiestoprovidetheHuicholwithlightafterthesunsets.Thescientists'techniqueinvolvesweavingtinyelectroniccrystalsintofabricsthatcanbemadeintoclothes,bags,orotheritems.

Bycollectingthesun'senergyduringtheday,theselightweightfabricsprovidebrightwhitelightatnight.Theirinventorshavenamedthefabrics"PortableLights."PortableLightshavethepotentialtotransformthelivesofpeoplewithoutelectricityaroundtheworld,saysprojectleaderSheilaKennedy.

"Ourinvention,"Kennedysays,"camefromseeinghowwecouldtransformtechnologywesaweverydayintheUnitedStatesandmoveitintonewmarketsforpeoplewhodidn'thavealotofmoney."

AtthecoreofPortableLighttechnologyaredevicescalledhigh-brightnesslight-emittingdiodes,orHBLEDs.Thesetinylightsappearindigitalclocks,televisions,andstreetlights.LEDsarecompletelydifferentfromthelightbulbs.Mostofthoseglassbulbsbelongtoatypecalledincandescentlights.Inside,electricityheatsametalcoiltoabout2,200degreesCelsius.Atthattemperature,bulbsgiveofflightwecansee.

Ninetypercentofenergyproducedbyincandescentlights,however,isheatandinvisible.Withallthatwastedenergy,bulbsburnoutquickly.Theyarealsoeasilybroken.

LEDs,ontheotherhand,areliketinypiecesofrockmadeupofmoleculesthatarearrangedinacrystalstructure.WhenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughanLED,thecrystalstructureproduceslight.Unlikeincandescentbulbs,theycanproducelightofvariouscolors.WithinanLED,thetypeofmoleculesandtheirparticulararrangementdetermineswhatcolorisproduced.

WhycanPortableLightsemitlight?

【单选题】

A.Electroniccrystalsarewovenintofabrics.

B.Itemssuchasclothesandbagsareusedtocarrylights.

C.Thesun'senergyiscollectedduringtheday.

D.Alloftheabove.

正确答案:

D

答案解析:

文章的第2段和第3段包括了选项A、B和C所述内容。

所以答案是D。

5、MeetYourMemory

Memoryissomethingthatcannotbeseen,touchedorweighed.Itisthoughttobeabstract.Itisasetofskillsratherthananobject.Neitheristhereasinglestandardforjudgingagoodorpoormemory.Thereareanumberofdifferentwaysinwhichapersonmayhavea"good"memory.

Memoryisgenerallyviewedasconsistingofthreestages:

（1）acquisitionreferstolearningthematerial;

（2）storagereferstokeepingthematerialintheblainuntilitisneeded;and（3）retrieval（提取）referstogettingthematerialbackoutwhenitisneeded.

Memoryconsistsofatleasttwodifferentprocesses:

short-termmemoryandlong-termmemory.Short-termmemoryhasalimitedcapacityandarapidforgettingrate.Itscapacitycanbeincreasedbychunking（组成大块）,orgroupingseparatebitsofinformationintolargerchunks.Long-termmemoryhasanalmo