阅读2.docx

阅读2.docx

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PASSAGE1

SocialandculturalimpactsoftourisminCyprus

　　InCyprus,hospitalityformsanintegralpartoftheculture,andthepeoplehaveawelcoming

attitudetowardsforeigners.Furthermore,thesociety'scultureemphasizesideologiesandvalue

systemswhichattachgreatimportancetoindividualachievement.Asthetouristpolicyfollowed

bytheCyprusGovernmentandthetouristscomemainlyfromEurope,tourismhasnothadas

markedanadverseeffectonthevaluesandattitudesofCypriotsocietyasmayotherwisehave

beenthecase.Incertainareas,suchasAyiaNapa,however,theinfluxoflargenumbersoftourists

hasinfluencedsocialbehaviourandsocialvalues,andcausedacertainamountofantagonism.

Brydensuggeststhat:

　　theremaybearelationshipbetweentourismdensity,expressedintheannua

lnumbersoftouristsasaproportionofthepopulation...andthegrowthofrese

ntmenttowardstourists....Theinferencehereisthattourismdensityisanindi

catorofthedegreeofconfrontationbetweentouristsandindigenesandthatthi

sconfrontationgivesrisetotheresentmentoftourists.

Table1Contactratiovalues,1985

Area

Contactratio

Annualaverage

Peakdayvalue

Limassol

19.5

7.3

Larnaca

24.4

13.9

AyiaNapa/Paralimni

17.7

1.5

Paphos

17.7

10.8

Hillresorts

43.0

16.6

Total

18.0

9.5

　　Theconceptof'tourismdensity'isthususedasameasureof'socialcarry

ingcapacity'whichMathiesonandWalldefineas'hostpeoples'levelsoftol

eranceforthepresenceandbehaviouroftourists.Analternativemeasureusedb

yAndronikouisthe'contactratio',whichistheinverseoftourismdensity,

thatistheratioofthelocalpopulationtotouristpopulation.Now,whereasAn

dronikousuggeststhattheminimumvaluethatthecontactratiocanfalltobefo

rethesocialimpactresultingfromtouristdevelopmentbecomesdetrimentalisa

bouteight,mostauthorsnowdonotbelievethatasinglespecificvaluecanbe

givenforsocialcarryingcapacity.MathiesonandWallpointoutthat:

　　Carryingcapacityremainsanelusiveconcept,butthetimewhenresearchers

andmanagerssoughtonemythicalmagicnumber,whichcouldbeapproachedwithsafety

butexceededatperil,haspassed.

　　Nevertheless,inspectionoftable1doessuggestthatitishighlylikelythatt

hesocialcarryingCapacityinAyiaNapahasbeenoverreached.Theextremeconce

ntrationoftouristsherehasresultedinamodificationofsocialattitudesamon

gyoungpeople,especiallytowardssexualbehaviour.Thisispartofthe'demon

strationeffect'whichintroducesforeignideologiesandwaysoflifeintosoci

etiesthathavenotbeenexposedtotouristlifestyles.Thecloseandcontinued

contactofCypriotyouthwithyoungforeigntouristshasresultedinthemadoptingdifferentsetsof

valuesonmorality,styleofdressing,andsoon,incomparisonwithprevailingtraditionalattitudes,

andasaresultthebondsofcloselyknitfamiliesareinsomecasesbeingloosened.

Questions16-18

Readingthefollowingstatementsandsayhowtheyreflecttheinformationinthereadingpassage,bywriting.

Tifitistrueaccordingtothepassage.

Fifitisfalseaccordingtothepassage,andNCGiftheinformationisnotclearlygiveninthepassage.

Writeyouranswersinboxes16-18onyouranswersheet.

ExampleAnswer

CypriotsarewelcomingT

16Individualachievementismoreimportantthanhospitality.

17.TouritscomemainlyfromtheUK.

18.Cypriotsocietyhasnotbeenadverselyaffectedbytourism.

Questions19-21

Inthetwolistsbelow,adefinitioninthelistontheright（A-G）matchesoneiteminthelistontheleft（19-21）.Showwhichitemsmatchbywritingoneappropriateletter（A-G）inboxes19-21onyouranswersheet.

ExampleAnswer

socialcarryingcapacityC

19'contactratio'Aratiooflocalstotourists

20tourismdensityBintroductionofforeignvaluestotourists

21the'demonstrationeffect'Chost'stolerancetowards

Dproportionoftouriststolocals

Eapproximatelyeight

Fintroductionofnewlifestyles

intosocieties

Gdifferentsetsofvalues

Passage2

　　In1952theneurophysiolgistNathanielKleitmanandoneofhisstudents,EugeneAserinsky,

studiedtherollingmovementsoftheeyeswhichoccurearlyinsleep.Theyattachedelectrodes

whichrespondedtoeyemovementstothetemplesofvolunteerswhocametosleepintheir

laboratory.Asthevolunteersbegantofallasleep,theelectrodesdetectedtheslowrollingeye

movementswhichcouldbeseeneasilythroughtheireyelids.Soonafter,thevolunteersfelldeeper

intosleepandtheireyesbecamestill.Anhourorsolater,tothegreatsurpriseofAserinsky,them

penrecordersshowedthattheeyesweremovingagain.Thistimetheywerenotjust

swingingfromsidetosidebutweredartingbackandforth（seefig

ure2）.Theserapideyemovementscontinuedforsometimeandthentheeyescametorestagain.

　　Thesephasesofrapideyemovement（R.E.M.）occureveryninetyminutesorsoand

representadistinctandimportantstageofsleep.Thehugeslowwavesofnorma

lsleeparereplacedbyahigherfrequencypatternclosertothebrainwavesofthe

normalwakingstate.Inthisstateof?

?

paradoxicalsleep?

ˉ,itismoredifficult

towakethesleepereventhoughthebrainisactive.Indeed,mostofthemuscles

ofthebodyareparalysed,cutoffromtherestlessactivityofthebrain

byinhibitorysignalsfromatinyregiondeepinthebrainstem.The

onlyresponsestothebrainactivityaretheeyemovementsandthe

occasionaltwitchingoffingersorthegrindingoftheteeth.

　　Duringthisperiodofparadoxicalsleep,vividwilddreamsusually

occur.Peopledeprivedofthisstageofsleepshowmanymoresigns

ofasleeplessnightthaniftheyhavebeenwokenatothertimesduring

sleep.Moreover,thefollowingnighttheyspendmoretimethanusual

inparadoxicalsleep,asiftheyneedtocatchuponthedreamsthey

hadlostˉ.Thisdiscoveryhasledtotheidentificationofregions

withinthereticularformationofthebrainstemwhichmight

controlthisspecificphaseofsleep

Questions27-35

TheblockdiagrambelowrepresentskeyinformationfromthereadingpassagePe

rchancetodream.Completethediagrambyfindingnomorethantwowordsfrom

thetexttofilleachnumberedspace.Writeyouranswersinthecorrespondingbo

xesonyoursheet.Iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage,leavethebox

blank.

StateBrainwavesEyesBody

waking27

onsetofsleepslower2829

30313233

paradoxicalsleepaswaking3435

Questions36-37

Fromtheinformationinthepassage,matchthephrasesA_Dbelowwiththebrain

patternandphysicalevidencegiven.Writetheappropriateletterinspaces36a

nd37onyouranswersheet.Notethattherearemorephrasesthananswersoyouwillnotneedtouseallofthem.

ArapideyemovementBslowwavesdominate

CvividdreamsoccurDhighfrequencypattern

BrainpatternPhysicalevidence

36eyesrollslowlyfromsidetoside

verysimilartothenormalwakingstate37

Passage3.

Readingskills

Atuniversityandcollege,allthefourskillsinEnglishareimportant:

llistening,forinformationinlectures,seminarsandtutorials

lspeaking,whentakingpartinseminarsandtutorials

lreading,oftextbooks,journalsandhandouts

landwriting,foressaysandreports

　　Ofthese,readingisatleastasimportantasanyofthefour.Studentsattertiarylevelhavea

hugeamountofreadingtodo;someforcoreinformationandevenmoreasbackgroundtothe

mainsubject.Itisthereforeessentialthatitbedoneasefficientlyaspossible.

　　Writtentexthasonedistinctadvantageoverspokendiscourse:

itisstatic.Whilstthismeansa

textcanbereviewedasmanytimesasthereaderwishes,therateatwhichanytextisreadwill

dependentirelyonthespeedofthereader'seyemovements.Giventheamountofreadingthat

moststudentshavetodo,itisclearlyintheirintereststodosoasquicklyandaseffectivelyas

possible.

　　Obviouslystudentsmustunderstandwhattheyarereading.Lessobviously,readingslowlydoes

notnecessarilyincreasecomprehension.Infact,increasingreadingspeedmayactuallyimprove

understanding.Onethingtobearinmindisthatreading,whilstbeingareceptiveskill,ismost

certainlynotapassiveone.Theremustbeaninteractiveprocessbetweenthereaderandthetextin

ordertoextractthemeaning.

　　Toillustratethis,somecommonmisconceptions,andsomecommonsense,arediscussedbelow.

Vocabularyanddiscourse

Clearlyonemusthaveacommandofthewordsofalanguagebeforecomprehensioncanbe

achieved.Thereare,however,atleasttwootherlevelstobeconsidered:

syntaxanddiscourse.Itis

almostpointlessattemptingtomakesenseofcomprehensiblelexisifoneisnotalsoveryclear

abouthowwordsarestrungtogetherinthetargetlanguage.Anunderstandingofwordorder,and

thesignificanceofchangesinwordorder,arevital.Theanticipationandrecognitionofcommon,

acceptableandessentialcollocationsclearlyhelptheprocessofextractinginformationand

meaning.Beyondthisitisalsoofparamountimportancetorecognizeandunderstandthe

conventionsofdiscoursestructure,bothgenerallyandwithinspecificsubjectareas.Recognizing

thetopicsentenceinaparagraph,ortheuseofdiscoursesequencemarkers,forexample,arethe

firstimportantsteps.

Eyemovements

　　Inpracticalterms,inordertoreadanypassage,theeyesmustfollowtheprintonthepage.This,

however,cannotbeasmooth,evenflow;itwouldbeimpossibletofocusonanythingunlessthe

eyesaremomentarilyfixedonthewords.Theeyes,thenmustmoveinaseriesofpausesand

jumps.Therear