语言学补充练习13.docx

语言学补充练习13.docx

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语言学补充练习13

第一章语言学入门知识：

I.名词解释

1．culturaltransmission（asadefiningpropertyoflanguage）

Answer:

Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.AnEnglishspeakerandaChinesespeakerarebothabletousealanguage,buttheyarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Incontrast,animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Theyarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies.

2．descriptivelinguisticsvs.prescriptivelinguistics

Answer:

Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior.Linguisticstudiesbeforethe204centuryarelargelyprescriptivewhereasmodemlinguisticismostlydescriptive.

II.判断正误（TforTrueandFforFalse）

1.Whenlanguageisusedtogetinformation,itservesaninformativefunction.

Answer:

F（Itservesaninterrogativefunction）.

2．Mostanimalcommunicationsystemslacktheprimarylevelofarticulation.

Answer:

F（Theprimaryunitsinthesesystemscannotbefurtherdividedintoelements.Sowhattheylackisthesecondarylevelofarticulation.）

3．Descriptivelinguisticsareconcernedwithhowlanguageswork,notwithhowtheycanbeimproved.

Answer:

T

III.填空题

1．Bysayingthat"languageisarbitrary",wemeanthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningand_______.

Answer:

sounds

2．ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleismadebytheSwisslinguistEdeSaussure.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceismadebytheAmericanlinguist__________.

Answer:

NoamChomsky

3．Anapproachtolinguisticstudywhichattemptstolaydownrulesofcorrectnessastohowlanguageshouldbeusedis_______.

Answer:

prescriptive

IV.选择题

1．Unlikeanimalcommunicationsystem,humanlanguageis______.

A.stimulusfree

B.stimulusbound

C.underimmediatestimuluscontrol

D.stimulatedbysomeoccurrenceofcommunalinterest

Answer：

A

2.____hasbeenwidelyacceptedastheforefatherofmodemlinguistics.

a.Chomskyb.Saussurec.Bloomfieldd.JohnLyon

Answer:

b

V.问答题

l.Islanguageproductiveornot?

Why?

Answer:

Firstly,Languageisproductiveorcreative.Thismeansthatlanguageuserscanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.Secondly,Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemshavealimitedrepertoire,whichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.Thirdly,Theproductivityorcreativityofhumanlanguageoriginatesfromitsduality.Becauseofduality,thespeakercancombinethebasic

linguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences.Theproductivityoflanguagealsomeansitspotentialtocreateendlesssentences.Thisismadepossiblebytherecursivenatureoflanguage.

2.Commentonthefollowingstatement:

“Inlinguistics,‘language’onlymeanswhatapersonsaysorsaidinagivensituation”.

Answer:

Thisstatementisincorrect.Inlinguistics,"language"hasseverallayersofmeaning:

firstly,thewholeofaperson’slanguage,e.g.Shakespeare’slanguage;secondly,aparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwriting,e.g.scientificlanguage,literarylanguage,colloquiallanguage;thirdly,anabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity,e.g.theEnglishlanguage,theChineselanguage;lastly,thereisanevenmoreabstractsenseof"language",referringtothecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguagesthatdistinguishthemfromanimalcommunicationsystemsoranyartificiallanguage.

3.Pointoutthreewaysinwhichlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.

Answer:

Firstly,mostlinguisticanalysestodayfocusonspeechratherthanwriting.Secondly,modemlinguisticsismostlydescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarislargelyprescriptive.Thirdly,athirddifferenceisthepriorityofsynchronicdescriptionoverthetraditionaldiachronicstudies.

4.WhatisthemajordifferencebetweenSaussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleandChomsky'sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?

Answer:

Saussure’slangueissocialproduct,asetofconventionsforaspeechcommunity.Chomskyregardscompetenceasapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.SaussurestudieslanguagemorefromasociologicalpointofviewwhileChomskystudiesitmorefromapsychologicalpointofview.

第二章语音学和音位学

I.名词解释

1．narrowtranscription

Answer:

Therearetwowaystotranscribespeechsounds.Oneisthe“broadtranscription”----thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly,andtheotheris“narrowtranscription”---thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsaccompaniedbythediacriticswhichcanhelp