Case Studies in Tourism Planning.docx

Case Studies in Tourism Planning.docx

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CaseStudiesinTourismPlanning

CaseStudiesinTourismPlanning

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INTRODUCTION

Thisarticlepresentsthreecasestudiesdesignedtodemonstratethetheoriesandtechniquesoutlinedearlier.Itwillbecomeevidentthateachcasefocusesonafewofthetechniquesdescribed,ratherthanincorporatingallequally.Inreallife,eachsituationisuniqueandrequiresacustomizedapproachtoplanning.Itiswhentourismplannersuseacookie-cutterapproachtoallproblemsthatdifficultiesoftenarise.Mosttourismevelopments,fromtheperspectiveofeithertheentrepreneurorthecommunity,neverthelessencounterissuesthatarelikelytobecommontoallcases.Theseusuallyinclude:

concernswithsupplyanddemand;cost-benefit

analysis;cost-unitanalysis;establishingarangeoffeesandcharges

fortheproductthatthemarketwillbear,andtheeconomicimpact

ofthedevelopmentuponthosewhowillassumethecosts,both

physicallyandfinancially.Inaddition,therearelikelytobeissuesof

processandresourceallocation,suchaswhodefinesthevisionon

whichdevelopmentisbased,andhowdecisionsaremadewhenthere

areconflictingviewsandopinions.

Alldevelopmentrepresentswhateconomistscall‘opportunity

costs’–thatis,oncearesourcehasbeenallocatedandusedforone

purpose,societyforgoesitsuseforsomeother,perhapsequally

importantpurpose.Therearealsotwomajorpracticalconcernsof

tourismanalysis:

theevaluationandselectionofsuitableresourcesfor

thefacilityoractivitybeingplanned;andtheidentificationand

managementoftheconflictsbetweenusersofthesameresource.

Finally,inpartsoftheworldwheretraditionalculturesareinvolved,

tourismplannersmustgrapplewiththeconsequencesofthecommodification

ofculture.Itisinthisdomainthattourismdevelopment

canhavedrasticeffectsonpeople’severydaylivesandevenontheir

basicconstructionofreality.Tourismdevelopmenthastoooften

changedthelivingpatternsofcommunitieswithoutgivingmuch

thoughttotheconsequencesofthosechanges.Thisisillustratedby

theshortdiscussionoftheLadakhisandtheCanadian

compositecommunityscenarioalsopresentedinthatarticle.

Thisarticleexaminesseveralcasestudiesinlightoftheissues

outlinedabove.Eachcasestudyrepresentsanattempttodealwith

anumberoftheissuesraisedinthisarticle.Whileitwillbeevident

thattheprocessesdeployedineachcasearefocusedoncertainareas

andnotonothers,thestudieswerechosenbecauseitwasfeltthat

theirplanningactivityhadproceededinawaythatwasgenerally

consistentwiththevaluesoutlinedinthisarticle.Ineachcase,a

concertedattemptwasmadetotakethewelfareofthecommunity

andtheenvironmentintoaccount,ratherthanonlytheinterestsof

profitmaximization.Attemptsweremade,inotherwords,to

incorporatemuchofthephilosophyoutlinedinthepreceding

articles.Fundamentally,thesecasessawattemptsto

instituteaplanningprocessthatrecognizedthepartnershipbetween

theproducer（theenvironmentorculture）,thesupplier（thetourism

industry）,andtheconsumer（thetourist）,asdepictedinFigure5.3.

Thus,eachcasediscussedapproachestourismdevelopmentfroma

systemsperspective.

Itisimportanttoidentifyexamplesoftourismdevelopmentthat

giveproperattentiontothevarioussubsystemswithintheplanning

processandtheirrelationtoeachother.Thesecasesprovideliving

examplesofdevelopmentswhichrecognizethefactthatchangeto

onesubsystemproduceschangesthroughouttheentireprocess.

Moreover,examplesoftourismplanningthatchallengethe‘value

program’（McMurtry,1999）onwhichtourismisconstructedaremost

instructive.Astourismplannersandcommunitiesconstructmore

holistictourismprojects,casestudiesdemonstratingtheimplementation

ofthesenewvaluesareimportant.Eachcasediscussedhere

recognizesthepotentialimpactsonallthoseconcerned,whether

theyaredirectlyinvolvedinadevelopmentoraffectedbyinevitable

changestothesocialandnaturalenvironmentinwhichtheylive.

Itisimportanttorememberthatpeoplelivingincommunities

dominatedbytourismarepartoftheprojectwhethertheywishto

beornot,simplybyvirtueofwheretheylive.Eachofthe

developmentprocessesexaminedinthesecasestudiesrecognizes

thatfact,andhavebasedtheirplanningprocessuponit.Inthese

casestudies,tourismdevelopmentisviewedaspartoftheoverall

socialandnaturalenvironmentinwhichitexists.Thevalueof

individualandsociallifeseemstoprovidethebasisonwhichtourism

isinitiatedandmanaged.

CASESTUDY:

GOLDEN,BC,ANDKICKINGHORSEMOUNTAIN

RESORT（KHMR）

Introduction

TheTownofGoldenislocatedintheinteriorofBritishColumbia,

Canada.ItisnestledintheRockyMountains,surroundedbya

naturalareawhichissoughtoutbyvisitorsforitsunique,spectacular

scenery.TheRockyMountainsprovideaworld-classresourcefor

skiingandotherrecreationalpursuits,bothactiveandpassive.The

areaisadjacenttothetrans-Canadahighway,whichisusedheavily

bytouriststravelingthroughtheRockyMountainstothewestcoast

ofCanada.InthepastmanyofthosetouristshurriedpastGoldento

getontootherdestinations,butnowtheyhaveareasontostay.

Goldensitsapproximatelyhalfwaybetweenthetwomajorairports

ofCalgary,Alberta,totheeast,andKelowna,BC,tothewest.The

journeytakesfourhoursbybusorcarfromeitherairporttoGolden.

Atthetimeofwriting,Goldendoesnothaveaninternationalairport,

butitdoeshaveasmallfacilitythatcouldbeexpandedforthis

purpose.Thereareotherskiingfacilitiesofequalqualitylocated

betweenGoldenandeachairport.

Goldenisahometoapproximately5,000people.Itisadjacentto,

butpoliticallyseparatefrom,amoreruralareaknownofficiallyas

AreaA.GoldenprovidesmanybasicservicestotheresidentsofArea

A,includingschools,anindoorrecreationinfrastructure,health

servicesandtheusualvarietyofretailstoresfoundinasmallrural

townofthistype.AreaAislocatedbetweentheTownofGolden,

includingthebenchlands,knownassuchbecausetheyaretheflat

landswhichlieatthebaseofthemountain,andwheretheresort

developmentissituated.

Initially,theeconomicconditionofGoldenandAreaArelied

mainlyonforestproductsandrailroading.Forestrystabilizedafterthe

closingofthemillatDonaldin1995.Therehasbeensignificant

developmentinwoodproducts,particularlyinpostbeamandwood

processing,butnotsufficienttosupporttheentirepopulation.Asa

CommunityImpactReportconcluded,

therehasbeenastrengtheningofthetourism/hospitalityindustry

intheregionwhichnowincludeseverythingfromproviding

accommodationandmealstothosedrivingthroughthemountain

parks,toprovidingbedandbreakfastorlodgeaccommodationto

thoseinterestedinparagliding,riverraftingandbackcountry

skiing.

（WestCoastCEDConsultingLtd,2001:

17）

Tourismintheareaisabouttoincreasebecauseofanew

developmentonalocalsectionoftheRockies.Aninternational

corporation,KickingHorseMountainResort（KHMR）isdeveloping

asectionofthemountain,includinganinternationalskiarea.While

theskirunshavebeenestablishedforsometimeasalocalfacility,

thecorporationplanstoexpandtheexistingnumberofruns,develop

arestaurantatthetopofthemountainandaskivillage,mainly

consistingofhotelsandotheramenities,atitsbase.Agondolawhich

carriespassengersupthemountainhasbeenputinplacetoincrease

thenumbersofskierswhocanbeaccommodated.Table7.1setsout

theproposeddevelopmentsforthisexpansion.

Table7.1SummaryoftheKHMRFacilitiesatFullBuildOut

Thisdevelopmentwilltransformtheareafrombeingthesiteofa

primarilylocalrecreationalfacilityintoaregional,andevenperhaps

international,tourismdestination.Withthedevelopmentofthe

gondolaandthemountain-toprestaurant,inparticular,andthe

additionalskirunsandbaselodgehousing,KHMRwillattract

increasingmarketattention.Itisprojected（WestcoastCED

ConsultingLtd,2001）thatover100,000skierswillvisitthemountain

skiresortonanannualbasis.Whilethismayfallwithintherange

thattheprojectedfacilitiescanbeexpectedtohandlewithoutgreat

difficulty,visitorswillnotpassthroughevenlythroughouttheweek

oryear,andthiscouldcauseperiodiccongestion.Themajorityof

visitorswillcomeatweekendsandduringholidays,whichcould

placestressonthecapacityofboththeresortandthecommunity

itself.Itisexpectedthatthenewfacilitieswillproduceaneconomic

benefittotheareaofapproximatelyeightmilliondollarsperyear

（Ibid,2001）,withabouthalfofthatbeinggeneratedwithintheTown

ofGoldenitself.

SincethenewfacilitiesatKHMRwillbelocatedinAreaA,none

oftheresultingtaxrevenuesgeneratedwillbecollectedbytheTown

ofGolden,althoughmanyofthesite’svisitorsandworkerswill

receiveservicesfromthetown.Aproblemofequalimportance,

perhaps,isthefactthatAreaAhasnoofficialmunicipalplanor

zoningschemeinplacetocontroloraccommodatetheexpected

growth.ManyoftheresidentsofAreaAarephilosophicallyagainst

restrictinggrowth,andthereisastrongsensethatifyouownland

youshouldbeabletodowithitwhatyouwish,withoutgovernment

restriction.Understandably,themunicipalcouncilandresidentsof

Goldenarequiteconcernedaboutthisapproachtodevelopment,

giventhatthealreadyplannedresort