CLEC中国英语学习者语料库.docx
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CLEC中国英语学习者语料库
CLEC中国英语学习者语料库
CLEC收集了包括中学生、大学英语4级和6级、专业英语低年级和高年级在内的5种学生的语料一百多万词，并对言语失误进行标注。
其目的就是观察各类学生的英语特征和言语失误的情况，希望通过定量和定性的方法对中国学习者英语作出较为精确的描写，为我国学生的英语教学提供有用的反馈信息。
表1CLEC语料分布
类型词次
ST2208088
ST3209043
ST4212855
ST5214510
ST6226106
总计1070602
言语失误标注原则
1.简单合理，易于系统操作。
参与标注的人比较多，分类表过于繁复，就难于掌握。
我们采取两级分类，第一级有11类:
词形（fm）、动词短语（vp）、名词短语（np）、代词（pr）、形容词短语（aj）、副词（ad）、介词短语（pp）、连词（cj）、词汇（wd）、搭配（cc）、句子（sn）。
每一类里再用数目字细分。
如[cc]为词语搭配不当，[cc1]表示名词和名词的搭配，[cc2]表示名词和动词的搭配，[cc3]表示动词和名词的搭配，等等。
2.分类表的类别要适中。
过粗容易统一，但信息太少，不利于分析学习者的失误/过细难以统一，容易把同一种失误归到不同类别。
目前我们采取的办法是对常见的失误从细（如vp和np都有9小类），对少见的失误从粗（如cj只有两小类）。
现在的分类表有61个失误码，是属于中等规模的分类表。
提供足够的失误信息（失误本身、失误类型和失误发生范围）。
例如Inthepast,
[vp6,4-]kindtoeachother…,失误用方括号表示，放在失误peopleare
之后。
[vp6]为vp（动词）第6种（时态）失误，4-为失误发生的范围，-表示失误的位置，4表示失误前有4个词。
要联系这4个词，才能判断are这个词用错了。
开放性。
容许研究者根据需要对失误类型进行补充或进一步再分出细类。
例如[sn8]为句子结构有缺陷，研究者可以对这种失误再分为若干细类来研究。
这需要把sn8的失误全部检索出来，然后定出第三级的分类范畴，如sn81，sn82，等等。
5.对语体或失误的来由暂不作标注，因为这需要标注者较多的主观判断，更难以统一。
言语失误分类表（总数:
61）
词形动词短语名词短语代词码类型码类型码类型码类型
Spellingvp1patternnp1patternpr1Referencefm1
fm2wordbuildingvp2setphrasenp2setphrasepr2anticipatory
itfm3capitalizationvp3agreementnp3agreementpr3Agreement
vp4finite/non-finitenp4casepr4Case
vp5non-finitenp5countabilitypr5wh-
vp6tensenp6numberpr6Indefinite
vp7voicenp7article
vp8moodnp8quantifiers
vp9modal/auxiliarynp9other
determiners
形容词短语副词介词短语连词
码类型码类型码类型码类型
patternad1orderpp1patterncj1patternaj1
aj2setphrasead2modificationpp2setphrasecj2setphraseaj3degreead3degreeaj4-ed/-ing
confusion
aj5predicative
/attributive
词语搭配句子
码类型码类型码类型
ordercc1noun/nounsn1run-onwd1
sentence
wd2partofspeechcc2noun/verbsn2sentence
fragment
wd3substitutioncc3verb/nounsn3dangling
modifier
wd4absencecc4adj/nounsn4illogical
comparisonwd5redundancycc5verb/advsn5topic
prominencewd6repetitioncc6adv/adjsn6Coordinationwd7ambiguitysn7Subordination
sn8structural
deficiency
sn9Punctuation
标注说明
码分类类别说明
fm1wordSpelling（拼写）spelling,coinage,abbreviation,
apostrophe
fm2wordwordbuildingderivation,inflection,compounding,
（构词）plurality（noun）,irregularity（verb）,
3rdpersonsingularform（verb）,
syllabification,hyphenation,word
divisionorfusion
fm3wordCapitalizationlowerinitialletterforupperinitial
（大小写）letterorviceversa
vp1vbphrPattern（及物性errorintransitivity（viasvtorvice
型式）versa）,transitiveverbpattern/
grammatical（cfOxfordadvanced
learner’sdictionaryofcurrent
editedbyA.S.Hornby）English
vp2vbphrsetphrase（固定phrasalverbandverbalphrase:
error
词组）informoruse
vp3vbphrAgreement（主谓numberagreementwithitssubject
一致性）（nounorpronoun）
vp4vbphrfinite/non-finifiniteverbfornon-finiteverborvice
te（定式）versa
vp5vbphrnon-finite（不定infinitiveerror:
formanduse/
式）infinitiveforparticipleorvice
versa/-edparticiplefor-ing
participleorviceversa
vp6vbphrTense（时态）errorintenseusewithinasentence/
thesequenceoftensesbetween
sentences
vp7vbphrvoice（语态）errorintheuseofvoice:
activefor
passiveorviceversa
vp8vbphrMood（语气）errorintheuseofmood:
imperative,
subjunctive/improperstructureof
conditionalsentences
vp9vbphrmodal/auxiliarymisuseofmodal/auxiliaryverbs/wrong
（情态）formofmodalverb（orauxiliaryverb）
andverbcombination（e.gtenseform,
voiceform,etc）
np1nnphrPattern（名词型Errorincombinationwithother
式）words/grammatical
np2nnphrsetphrase（固定omissionorreplacementofafixed
词组）elementthatgoesafteracertainnoun
np3nnphrAgreement（主谓numberagreementofanounwithits
一致性）determinerorawordthatreferstoit
np4nnphrCase（格）possessivecaseerror:
formoruse
np5nnphrCountability（可uncountablenounusedascountable
数性）noun
np6nnphrNumber（数）countablenounusedwithnodeterminer
or-s/aor-swithpluralnoun
np7nnphrArticle（冠词）confusionora/andefinite/indefinite
confusion
np8nnphrQuantifiers（数misuseorconfusionbetweenmany/much,
量词）,etc（a）few/（a）little,some/anynp9nnphrothermisuseorconfusionofdemonstratives,
determiners（其wh-determiners,numerals,etc.
他限定词）
pr1pronReference（指称）incorrect/ambiguouspronoun
reference/anaphoric
pr2pronanticipatoryitimproperorwronguseofanticipatory
it/itreplacedbyademonstrative,（先行it）
etc
pr3pronAgreement（主谓numberagreementwithanounitrefers
一致性）to
pr4pronCase（格）caseerrorofanypersonalpronoun
pr5pronwh-（wh-代词）misuseorconfusionofinterrogative,
relativeandconjunctivepronouns
pr6pronIndefinite（不定misuseorconfusionofindefinite
式）pronounssuchasall/both,
few/little,some/any,either/neither,
etc
aj1adjPattern（形容词errorinthecombinationwithother
型式）words/grammatical
aj2adjsetphrase（固定errorintheidiomaticuseofan
词组）adjectivalphrase/omissionor
replacementofafixedelementthat
goesafteracertainadjective
aj3adjDegree（级）adjectivedegreeerror:
formanduse
aj4adj-ed/-ing-edadjectivefor-ingadjectiveor
confusionviceversa
（-ed/-ing混淆）
aj5adjpredicative/attpredicativeadjectiveusedas
ributive（谓语/attributiveadjective
定语）
ad1advOrder（词序）improperadverbplacement/wrong
position
ad2advModification（修adjectivemodifierusedasverb
饰语）modifier/otherkindsofconfusion
ad3advDegree（级）adverbdegreeerror:
formanduse
pp1prepPattern（介词型unacceptablecombinationwithother
式）words/grammatical
pp2prepsetphrase（固定errorintheformationoruseofan
词组）idiomaticprepositionalphrase
cj1conjPattern（连词型unacceptablecombinationwithother
式）words/grammatical
cj2conjsetphrase（固定errorintheformationoruseofa
词组）phrasefunctioningasaconjunction
wd1wordOrder（词序）misplacementofanywordotherthanan
adverb
wd2wordpartofspeecherrorinpartofspeech:
rightrootbut
（词类）wrongwordclass
wd3wordSubstitution（替errorinwordchoice:
rightwordclass
代）butwrongselection（anypartof
speech）
wd4wordAbsence（缺少）omissionofaword（anypartofspeech）
wd5wordRedundancy（冗oversupplianceofaword（anypartof
余）speech）
wd6wordRepetition（重unnecessaryrepeatingofaword
复）
wd7wordAmbiguity（歧义）notclearwordmeaning/semantic
cc1notionan/ncollocationimpropernoun（phrase）and
l（名词/名词）noun（phrase）combination/semantic
cc2notionan/vcollocationimpropernoun（phrase）and
l（名词/动词）verb（phrase）combination/semantic
cc3notionav/ncollocationimproperverbandnoun（phrase）
l（动词/名词）combination/semantic
cc4notionaa/ncollocationimproperadjectiveandnoun（phrase）
l（形容词/名词）combination/semantic
cc5notionav/adimproperverbandadverb（orad/v）
lcollocation（动combination/semantic
词/副词）
cc6notionaad/aimproperadverbandadjective
lcollocation（副combination/semantic
词/形容词）
sn1sentencrun-onsentenceimproperadditionofclauses/fused
e（不断句）sentence
sn2sentencsentencesubordinateclauseasasentence/any
efragment（片段）phraseasasentence
sn3sentencdanglingillogicaladverbialmodificationofa
emodifier（垂悬修clause
饰语）
sn4sentencillogicalerrorinthecomparisonofwordsor
ecomparison（比较phrasesinasentencewhichcannotbe
不符合逻辑）compared
sn5sentenctopictheco-occurrenceofaninitialnoun
eprominence（主题phraseanditsequivalent（usuallya
突出）pronoun）inthesamesentence
sn6sentencCoordination（并faultyparallelismofclauses（or
e列）words/phrases）inasentence
sn7sentencSubordinationfaultyattachmentofasubordinate
e（主从）clausetothemainclause
sn8sentencstructuralerrorinthegrammaticalconstruction
edeficiency（结构ofasentence:
impropersplitting,
缺陷）patternshifting,confusing
structure,etc
sn9sentencPunctuation（标overuse,absence,choice,apostrophe,
e点符号）commasplice,etc.
标准化处理后的各种失误频数及其比例
失误类型总计百分比（%）st2st3st3st4st5
1686.
fm11928.82877.42112.61826.7710432.217.47
fm2349.3448.9438.9226.9328.71792.73
fm31474.4731.8405.8694.1174.63480.75.83
vp1259.4325.9498.4103.4200.81387.92.32
vp2179139.361.2104.222.1505.80.85
vp3374524.6785.2273.13272283.93.82
vp4140.8159.1110.863.951.6526.20.88
vp5140118.7107.489.946.7502.70.84
vp61165.7356311.6379.8215.62428.74.07
vp7172.7104.198.463.946.7485.80.81
vp827.116.38.325.211.588.40.15
vp9111.4274.3278.542.986.1793.21.33
np146.933.528.916.810.7136.80.23
np224.722.417.419.32.586.30.14
np3202.1247.7249.6210.91861096.31.84np466.855.926.422.721.3193.10.32np558.99871.960.584.4373.70.63np6374654.4481358.8354.12222.33.72np7237.9107.589.3174.854.9664.41.11np83565.447.913.47.4169.10.28np96.441.312.47.65.773.40.12pr182236.520589.918.9632.31.06pr216.778.323.14.20122.30.2pr352.554.2172.728.660.6368.60.62pr474.83720.748.710.7191.90.32pr526.353.314.17.610.71120.19pr69.52.653.4020.50.03aj16.418.915.759550.09aj29.53.49.95.97.436.10.06aj338.239.632.243.797.5251.20.42aj416.72.622.312.65.759.90.1aj50.83.47.41.7013.30.02ad135.896.339.727.715.6215.10.36ad242.237.812.49.24.9106.50.18ad37.2129.91.72.533.30.06pp1136.19843169.728.7475.50.8pp225.5262.3143.83727.9496.50.83cj127.820.618.221.812.3100.70.17cj247.713.25.94.935.70.06Wd143.8151.3114.125.237.7372.10.62Wd2324.6929.6772.8226.9242.62496.54.18Wd311021634.71815757.1359.85668.69.49Wd4585.6829.8443.8403.34272689.54.5Wd5410.6613.1518.2265.5171.31978.73.31Wd627.13722.334.529.5150.40.25Wd7261.8430.8261
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