博士英语考试阅读30篇.docx

博士英语考试阅读30篇.docx

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博士英语考试阅读30篇

Unit1–Reading

Drunken-drivingsometimescalledAmerica'ssociallyacceptedformofmurder--hasbecomeanationalepidemic.EveryhourofeverydayaboutthreeAmericansonaveragearekilledbydrunkendrivers,addinguptoanincredible250,000overthepastdecade.

Adrunkendriverisusuallydefinedasonewitha0.10bloodalcoholcontentorroughlythreebeers,glassesofwineorshotsofwhiskydrunkwithintwohours.HeavydrinkingusedtobeanacceptablepartoftheAmericanmachoimageandjudgeswerelenientinmostcourts,butthedrunkenslaughterhasrecentlycausedsomanywell-publicizedtragedies,especiallyinvolvingyoungchildren,thatpublicopinionisnolongersotolerant.

Twentystateshaveraisedthelegaldrinkingageto21,reversingatrendinthe1960storeduceitto18.AfterNewJerseylowereditto18,thenumberofpeoplekilledby18-20-year-olddriversmorethandoubled,sothestaterecentlyuppeditbackto21.

Reformers,however,fearraisingthedrinkingagewillhavelittleeffectunlessaccompaniedbyeducationalprogrammestohelpyoungpeopletodevelop"responsibleattitudes"aboutdrinkingandteachthemtoresistpeerpressuretodrink.

Toughnewlawshaveledtoincreasedarrestsandtestsandinmanyareasalready,toamarkeddeclineinfatalities.Somestatesarealsopenalizingbarsforservingcustomerstoomanydrinks.AtaverninMassachusettswasfinedforservingsixormoredoublebrandiestoacustomerwhowas"obviouslyintoxicated"andlaterdroveofftheroad,killinganine-year-oldboy.

Asthefatalitiescontinuetooccurdailyineverystate,someAmericansareevenbeginningtospeakwellofthe13yearsnationalprohibitionofalcoholthatbeganin1919,whichPresidentHoovercalledthe"nobleexperiment".Theyforgetthatlegalprohibitiondidn'tstopdrinking,butencouragedpoliticalcorruptionandorganizedcrime.Aswiththeboomingdrugtradegenerally,thereisnoeasysolution.

1.DrunkendrivinghasbecomeamajorprobleminAmericabecause_____.

A）mostAmericansareheavydrinkers

B）Americansarenowlessshockedbyroadaccidents

C）accidentsattractsomuchpublicity

D）drinkingisasociallyacceptedhabitinAmerica

Answer：

D

2.Whyhaspublicopinionregardingdrunkendrivingchanged?

A）Detailedstatisticsarenowavailable.

B）Thenewsmediahavehighlightedtheproblem.

C）Judgesaregivingmoreseveresentences.

D）Driversaremoreconsciousoftheirimage.

Answer：

B

3.StatisticsissuedinNewJerseysuggestedthat_____.

A）manydriverswerenotoflegalage

B）youngdriverswereoftenbaddrivers

C）thelevelofdrinkingincreasedinthe1960s

D）thelegaldrinkingageshouldberaised

Answer：

D

4.Lawsrecentlyintroducedinsomestateshave_____.

A）reducedthenumberofconvictions

B）resultedinfewerseriousaccidents

C）preventedbarsfromservingdrunkencustomers

D）specifiedtheamountdriverscandrink

Answer：

B

5.Whyistheproblemofdrinkinganddrivingdifficulttosolve?

A）Alcoholiseasilyobtained.

B）Drinkingislinkedtoorganizedcrime.

C）Legalprohibitionhasalreadyfailed.

D）Legislationaloneisnotsufficient.

Answer：

D

Unit2

LosAngeles-BillJoyisnotaLuddite.Heisnotafraidofnewtechnology.AsfounderandchiefscientistoftheSiliconValleyCompany,hehasbeenonthevanguardofthehighttechrevolutionfor20years.ButrecentlyJoytookaglimpseintothefutureanditscaredhimtodeath.Whathesawwasaworldinwhichhumanshavebeeneffectivelysupplantedbymachines;aworldinwhichsuperpowerfulcomputerswithatleastsomeattributesofhumanintelligencemanagetoreplicatethemselvesanddeveloptheirownautonomyandpeoplebecomesuperfluousandriskbecomingextinct.

"Itmightbearguedthatthehumanracewouldneverbefoolishenoughtohandoverallthepowertothemachines.Butwhatwedosuggestisthatthehumanracemighteasilypermititselftodriftintoapositionofsuchdependenceonthemachinesthatitwouldhavenopracticalchoicebutacceptallofthemachines'decisions.Associetyandtheproblemsthatfaceitbecomemoreandmorecomplexandmachinesbecomemoreandmoreintelligent,peoplewillletmachinesmakemoreoftheirdecisionsforthem.Eventuallyastagemaybereachedatwhichthedecisionsnecessarytokeepthesystemrunningwillbesocomplexthathumanwillbeincapableofmakingthemintellifently.Atthatstagethemachineswillbeineffectivecontrol.Peoplewon'tbeabletojustturnthemachinesoff,becausetheywillbesodependentonthemthatturningthemwouldamounttosuicide.".

Previously,Joyhaddismissedsuchscenariosassci-fifantasy,butthenhelistenedtofriendswhowereexpertsinroboticsandrealizedthatthisbravenewworldwasmuchcloserthananyofusmightimagine--ascloseas30yearsaway.ThefurtherthatJoydugintothecuttingedgeofresearchinthenewtechnologies--robotics,geneticengineeringandNantechnology--themorehorrifiedhebecame.Notonlydidheseescenariosinwhichrobotswouldliketotakeonalifeoftheirownandexterminatethehumanrace,butalsohebegantoseewaysinwhichotherstaplesofsci-fihorrormightcometopass.Specifically,robots,engineeredorganism,andNanbotsshareadangerousamplifyingfactor:

theycanself-replicate.Abombisblownonlyonce--butonerobotcanbecomemany,andquicklygetoutofcontrol.

"Ithinkitisnoexaggerationtosayweareonthecuspofthefurtherperfectionofextremeevil,anevilwhosepossibilityspreadswellbeyondthatwhichweaponsofmassdestructionbequeathedtothenation-states,ontoasurprisingandterribleempowermentofextremeindividuals.Wearebeingpropelledintothisnewcenturywithnoplan,nocontrol,nobrakes."Joyconcludes."Havewealreadygonetoofardownthepathtoaltercourse?

Idon'tbelieveso,butwearen'ttryingyet,andthelastchancetoassertcontrol--thefail-safepoint--israpidlyapproaching."

1.Accordingtothepassage,theword"Luddite"（inparagraph1,line1）means?

A）thenameofaplacewherescienceisunderdeveloped.

B）thenameofacountry.

C）thenameofanorganizationwhichaimstoadvocatedevelopingthenewtechnology.

D）thenameofapartywhichprotestatdevelopingscience.

Answer：

D

2.Fromthepassage,weknowthatitisthatscaredBillJoytodeath?

A）robotshavebeenpracticallyrunningtheworld.

B）humansareactuallyatthemercyofthemachines.

C）humansarefacingafatalsituationthatthemachinesareoutofcontrolgraduallyandthemachineswilloverwhelmthewholeworld.

D）humanswillbeexiledfromtheearthbythemachinesandtheyhavetoexploreanotherfixedstar.

Answer：

C

3.Whatdoesthesentence"Idon'tbelieveso,butwearen'ttryingyet..."（inthelastparagraph,line5）indicate?

A）Itishightimeforustogiveanendtothenewtechnologies.

B）WeshouldceasetoexploretheperilousNantechnology.

C）Humanshavetodevotethemselvestosavethewholeworldbycontainingandwreckingthemachines.

D）Itisrighttimeforhumanstodominatethehighdevelopingtechnologyeffectivelyandhandleitskillfully.

Answer：

D

4.BillJoyrealizedthesituationthat_____.

A）thedaywhentheworldcontrolledbythemachinesisjustroundthecorner

B）thehumanworldisontheedgeofanexceedingdanger

C）themachinesinthefuturewillbeasperilousasthemassdestruction

D）humansarenowontheirwit'send

Answer：

B

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheauthor'sattitudetowardsthefuturerelationshipbetweenhumansandmachines?

A）Optimistic.

B）Pessimistic.

C）Confident.

D）Indifferent.

Answer：

B

Unit3

Thestudyofphilosophiesshouldmakeourownideasflexible.Weareallofusapttotakecertaingeneralideasforgranted,andcallthemcommonsense.Weshouldlearnthatotherpeoplehaveheldquitedifferentideas,andthatourownhavestartedasveryoriginalguessesofphilosophers.

Ascientistisapttothinkthatalltheproblemsofphilosophywillultimatelybesolvedbyscience.Ithinkthisistrueforagreatmanyofthequestionsonwhichphilosophersstillargue.Forexample,Platothoughtthatwhenwesawsomething,onerayoflightcametoitfromthesun,andanotherfromoureyesandthatseeingwassomethinglikefeelingwithastick.Wenowknowthatthelightcomesfromthesun,andisreflectedintooureyes.Wedon'tknowinmuchdetailhowthechangesinoureyesgiverisetosensation.Butthereiseveryreasontothinkthataswelearnmoreaboutthephysiologyofthebrain,weshalldoso,andthatthegreatphilosophicalproblemsaboutknowledgearegoingtobeprettyfullyclearedup.

Butifourdescendantsknowtheanswerstothesequestionsandothersthatperplexustoday,therewillstillbeonefieldofwhichtheydonotknow,namelythefuture.Howeverexactourscience,wecannotknowitasweknowthepast.Philosophymaybedescribedasargumentaboutthingsofwhichweareignorant.Andwheresciencegivesusahopeofknowledgeitisoftenreasonabletosuspendjudgment.ThatisonereasonwhyMarxandEngelsquiterightlywrotetomanyphilosophicalproblemsthatinterestedtheircontemporaries.

Butwehavegottoprepareforthefuture,andwecannotdosorationallywithoutsomephilosophy.Somepeoplesaywehaveonlygottodothedutiesrevealedinthepastandlaiddownbyreligion,andgodwilllookafterthefuture.Othersaythattheworldisamachineandthecourseoffutureeventsiscertain,whatevereffortswemaymake,Marxistssaythatthefuturedependsonourselves,eventhoughwearepartofthehistoricalprocess.Thisphilosophicalviewcertainlydoesinspirepeopletoverygreatachiements.Whetherit