英国文学英文论文.docx

英国文学英文论文.docx

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英国文学英文论文

英国文学英文论文

TermPaper

BritishLiterature

Thesis：

ABriefAnalysisofBacon’sOfStudy

College：

TheCollegeoftheForeignLanguages

Major：

English

Name：

BaoJunxiaoClassNumber:

0611

Lecturer：

JiangYujiao

Time：

2015-01

Scores:

1.Introduction

Onecannotextendthelengthofhislife,nomatterhowrichheis,nomatterhowstrongheis.However,thewidthandthicknessoflifecanbeunlimitedlyexpandedandextended.Thebestwaytorealizeitistostudy.Sohowtogaineternallifeinlearninghasbeenahottopicwhichwemustface.

"Knowledgeispower"comesfromFrancisBacon.ItisuniversallyacknowledgedthatFrancisBacon（1561-1626）isacelebratedpolitician,philosopherandmasteroflanguageinGreatBritain.Hedevotedhislatterhalflifetocreativewriting.Marxcalledhim"thetrueancestorofBritishmaterialismandmodernexperimentalscience".Heputforwardsomeadvancedideasinmanyareassuchaslogic,aesthetics,pedagogyandsoon.

Bacon’sEssaysisanepoch-makingmasterpieceintheworldwhichaffectedagReatnumberofpeople.Itisequippedwithallkindsofliteraryfeaturesofthattime,suchastropesofrhetoric,sagaciousthoughts,meaningfulfun,particularlyfamousforitsbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.

OfstudiesisoneimportantpartofBacon’sEssays.Itisanever-lastingmonumentinEnglishliteraturehistory,beginningwiththefunctionsofstudyandanalysingitsunusualsignificanceforhuman’slife.Inaddition,ittellsthetruththatdefferentmethodsofreadingleadtodifferentconsequenceandatthesametimedifferentattitudespeopleholdtowardsreadinghaveagreatinfluenceontheeffectoflearning.

2.Background

BaconisoneofthefoundersofmodernmaterialismphilosophywhoestablishedBritishphilosophyofexperience.Hestartedthemodernexperimentalphilosophyandisregardedasthetrueancestorofmodernexperimentalscience.Histheory“knowledgeispower”notonlyinfluencedthesocietyatthattimebutalsohasrealisticandimportantmeaninginthesocialdevelopmentafterfourhundredyears.

Theenlightenmentoccurredinthemiddleofthe17thcenturyandthe18thcenturyinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.Itwasanideologicalandculturalmovementwhichmainlyfoughtagainstthefeudalandthechurch.Becauseoftheuniquepoliticaltradition,rationalreligiousreform,thePuritanmovement,advancedscienceandearlybourgeoisrevolution,theUKbecomethebirthplaceoftheEnlightenmentinEurope.

Deeplyinfluencedbythescientificrevolution,theBritishEnlightenmentwasequippedwithnotonlythereasonandfaithinprogressexistingintheenlightenmentthoughtsofthewholeEuropeandtheUnitedStates,butalsocharacteristicsofitsownideas.Theenlightenmentchangedpeople’swayofthinkingandattachedgreatimportancetothescientificresearchesonobservationandexperimentmethods.Itformedtheuniquewayofthinking:

empiricalrationalism.FrancisBaconwastheembracerofthiskindofprinciple.Knowledgewasthecoreofenlightenmentandrevolution.Itproducednewideas,advancedscience,furtheredsocialprogressandspeededupall-rounddevelopment.Baconwroteofstudiestoannouncethemostsignificantwaytogainknowledge----Study.

3.CurrentsituationofstudyintheUK

Britishpeopleareknownas"firstreaderinEurope".AccordingtoUNESCOstatisticsaboutpublications,Britain'snewlypublishedbooksin2005weremorethan200thousand,whileAmerica's170thousandandChina'sover130thousand.ThisalsoconfirmsthattheBritishpeoplelovereadingandhavegoodreadinghabitsfromanotherside.

Sohowgoodhabitsareformed?

Somepeoplethinkthatitrelatestotheiraristocraticfeaturesandthehumanisticfeelings,butmoreimportantly,itresultsfrompeople’sidentificationwiththeviewofBacon:

studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.

Readingcultureisfosteredfromchildhood.Generally,Britishchildrenbegintoreadfrompreschool.Parentswilltaketheirchildrentobookstoresandencouragethemtopickbookstheylike.Evenwhenafamilygoesoutbytrainorbyplane,parentsandchildrencanbeseenholdingbooks.Britishprimaryandsecondaryschoolsalsoadvocatetheirstudentstocultivategoodhabitofreadingatayoungage.On“worldreadingday"everyyear,therewillbeavarietyofpromotionalactivitiesatschools.Theseactivitiesarenotonlytoimprovetheskillsofreading,butalsotoprovidechildrenwithaplaceofcommunication.

Finallyitisworthmentioningthatthemaintenanceandpolicyofsocietysupportthestrongreadingatmosphere.TherearestrictrulestoprotectthecopyrightofpublicationsinBritain.Andseverallibrariesaresettingupforpeopletolearn.Oftherespectforandprotectionforstudy,librariesbecometheidealisticsourceofmanyrevolutionists,thinkers,poetsandwriterslikeMarx,LeninandGeorgeBernardShaw.“Toprovidethebestenvironmentforreadersequally"istheintentionpursuedbythemanyBritishlibraries.

4.StructureofOfStudies

4.1Thefunctionsofstudy

“Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Thedelightliesinprivationsandretiring.Thebeautyliesindiscourse;andtheabilityliesinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness”

Studieshavethreefunctions:

delightpeople;beautifypeople;andstrengthenpeople’sability.Nowadays,withthedevelopmentoftechnology,manykindsofintelligentizedandmodernizedthingsappear,andwehavelessandlesstimetoreadbooks.Inmostoftheirfreetime,peopleplayorchatwithtelephone.What’smore,theyoungarefacingheavypressure,soitisawaytosurftheinternet,chat,playgames.Intheshortterm,itisgoodmethodtoreleasepressure;inthelongterm,itdoesharmtoone’sgrowth.

Actually,readingfortwohourseverynightcangreatlyinfluenceone’sgrowth.Readingisapreservingprocesswhichchangedfromquantitytoquality.Whenyouraccumulationofknowledgereachesacertaindegree,theywillbeinternalizedtoyourownthings,andthenyourealizethefunctionsofstudy.

wewillnotbeunfamiliarwiththeidiom“厚积薄发".Itcomesfromtheoldsaying"君子厚积而薄发",meaningthatonewillbepromisingafteralongtimeofaccumulation.Thereisnodoubtthattheprocessofstudyistheprocessofaccumulation.Someknowledgemaybeseldomusedorevenneverbeused,butassoonastheyareused,wearehandywithfacility,likeaduckintowater.Otherwise,wecanonlybestretched,strugglewithpanic,andplaintalone"It is when you are using what you have learned from books that you wish you had read more books than youhave".

4.2Themethodsofstudy

4.2.1Experience

“Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrules,isthehumorofascholar.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:

fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,whichneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.”

Butstudyshouldn’tbejudgedonlybyexperience;also,knowledgecannotbedivorcedfromrealityandexistsalone.Experienceandknowledgeshouldsupplementandcomplementeachother.InBacon'sview,thesetwoaspectsareindispensableknowledgeaccumulationtolife.

4.2.2Application/Obersavation

“Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.”

Attitudestowardsstudiesdecidehowmuchtogain.Ithasbecomeacommonphenomenonthatstudiesarenotforprogressbutsupposedtonitpicktheauthorstoshowtheirtalents.That’sundoubtedlyakindofphilistines.Withsuchakindofattitudetowardsstudy,howcanyoubenefitfromit?

SoBaconwarnedus:

“Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.”

HereBaconmentionedtheapplicationofknowledge.Peopleshouldstudyforapplyingknowledge,ratherthanstudyforstudy,oritwouldbeawasteoftime.Anerdregardsstudyasataskwhileawisemanstudiestoimprovehisability.Forexamples,"stereotyped writing"inancient,fixedtemplateofEnglishcompositionsandgraduationthesisnowadaysareallphenomenawhichshowthefailedInternalizationofnewknowledge.ThesituationthatEnglishcompositionsneedtemplatesisowingtotheunsuccessfulgraspofEnglish-orientedthinking.Insuchasituation,studentscanneithermakeupanarticlewithlearnedwordsandgrammar,norexpresstheirthoughts,beliefsandemotionsinEnglish.Awisemanshallbegoodatdrawinginferencesaboutothercasesfromoneinstanceandsolvingthesameproblemsindifferentways.Thatisthehighestlevelofstudy.Buthowtorealizetheapplicationofknowledge?

Throughobservation.

4.2.3Attitudestowardsdifferentbooks

“Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.”

FrancisBaconthinksthatwhenpeoplearereading,donotdisagreehostilelyanddonotacceptwhollywithoutquestioning.Peopleshouldnotfocusonthewordsandsentencesonly,butconsiderwisethoughtsbackandforthaswell.

Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention. Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantargum