专八真题语言知识.docx

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专八真题语言知识

1995-2018年英语专业八级改错真题及答案

2018年真题

Massmediaismediathatisintendedforalargeaudience.Itmay

taketheformofbroadcastmedia,asincaseoftelevisionandradio,

orprintmedia,asnewspapersandmagazines.

Usually,massmediaaimstoreachaverylargemarket,suchas

theentirepopulationofacountry.Bycontrast,localmediacovers

amuchsmallpopulationandarea,focusingonregionalnewsof

interest,specialtymediaisprovidedforparticulardemographicgroups.

Somelocalmediaoutletsthatcoverstateorprovincialnewsmayraiseto

prominencethankstotheirinvestigativejournalism,andtothecloutthat

theirparticularregionshaveinnationalpolitics.

Peopleoftenthinkofmassmediaasthenews,italsoincludes

entertainmentliketelevisionshows,books,andfilms.Itmayalsobe

educationalinthenature,asintheinstanceofpublicbroadcastingstations

thatprovideeducationalprogrammingtoanationalaudience.Political

communicationsincluding propaganda arealsofrequentlydistributed

throughthemedia,aswerepublicserviceannouncementsand

emergencyalerts.

Whenelitistsmaybetemptedtosneeratthemassmedia,referringtoit

asthe“opiateofthemasses,”itisacriticalpartofhumansocieties.

Understandmassmediaisusuallykeytounderstandapopulation

andculture,whichiswhythefieldofmediastudiesissohuge.

2017年真题

Theabilitytocommunicateistheprimaryfactorthatdistinguisheshuman

beingsfromanimals.Anditistheabilitytocommunicatewellwhich

distinguishesoneindividualfromanother.

Thefactisthatapartfromthebasicnecessities,oneneedsto

beequippedwithhabitsforgoodcommunicationskills,thusthisis

whatwillmakeoneahappyandsuccessfulsocialbeing.

Inordertodevelopthesehabits,oneneedstofirstacknowledge

thefactthattheyneedtoimprovecommunicationskillsfromtimetotime.

Theyneedtotakestockofthewayhowtheyinteractandthedirection

inwhichtheirworkandpersonalrelationsaregoing.Theonlyconstant

inlifeischange,themoreoneacceptsone’sstrengthsandworks

towardsdealingwiththeirshortcomings,speciallyintheareaof

communicationskills,thebetterwillbetheirinteractionsand

themoretheirsocialpopularity.

Thedominatedquestionthatcomeshereis:

Howtoimprove

communicationskillsTheanswerissimple.Onecanfind

plentyofliteratureonthis.Therearealsoexperts,whoconduct

workshopsandseminarsbasedoncommunicationskillsofmen

andwomen.Infact,alargenumberofcompaniesarebringingin

trainerstoregularlymakesessionsonthesubject,inorderto

helptheirworkforcemaintainbetterinterpersonalworkrelations.

Todayeffectivecommunicationskillshavebecomeapredominant

factorevenwhilerecruitingemployees.Whileinterviewingcandidates,

mostinterviewersjudgethemonthebasisoftheskillstheycommunicatewith.

Theybelievethatsomeskillscanbeimprovisedonthejob;butabilityto

communicatewellisimportant,aseveryemployeebecomesthe

representingfaceofthecompany.

Therearetrainers,whospecializedindeliveringcustom-made

programsonthesubject.Throughthesessionstheynotonlyfacilitate

bettercommunicationskillsintheworkplace,butalsolookinto

theproblemsinthemannerofbeingabletoconveymessageseffectively.

2016年真题

Allsocialunitsdevelopaculture.Evenintwo-personrelationships,

aculturedevelopsintime.Infriendshipandromanticrelationships,

forexample,partnersdeveloptheirownhistory,sharedexperiences,

languagepatterns,habits,andcustomsgivethatrelationshipaspecial

character—acharacterthatdiffersitinvariouswaysfrom

otherrelationships.Examplesmightincludespecialdates,places,

songs,oreventsthatcometohaveauniqueand

importantsymbolicmeaningforthetwoindividuals.Thus,any

socialunit—whetherarelationship,group,organization,or

society—developsaculturewiththepassageoftime.

Whilethedefiningcharacteristicsofeachcultureareunique,

allculturessharecertainsamefunctions.Therelationshipbetween

communicationandcultureisaverycomplexintimateone.

Culturesarecreatedthroughcommunication;thatis,communicationis

themeansofhumaninteraction,throughitculturalcharacteristics

arecreatedandshared.Itisnotsomuchthatindividualssetouttocreateaculturewhentheyinteractinrelationships,groups,organizations,orsocieties,

butratherthanthatculturesareanaturalby-productofsocialasense,culturesarethe“residue”ofsocialcommunication.

Withoutcommunicationandcommunicationmedia,itwouldbeimpossibleto

haveandpassalongculturalcharacteristicsfromoneplaceandtimeto

another.Onecansay,furthermore,thatcultureiscreated,shaped,

transmitted,andlearnedthroughcommunication.

2015年真题

When I was in my early teens, I was taken to a spectacular show 

on ice by the mother of a friend. Looked round at the luxury of the        1.________

rink, my friend’s mother remarked on the “plush” seats we had been 

given. I did not know what she meant, and being proud of my                    

vocabulary, I tried to infer its meaning from the context. “Plush” 

was clearly intended as a complimentary, a positive evaluation; that        3.________  

much I could tell it from the tone of voice and the context. So I               4. ________ 

started to use the word. Yes, I replied, they certainly are plush, and 

so are the ice rink and the costumes of the skaters, aren’t they My 

friend’s mother was very polite to correct me, but I could tell from her    5.________  

expression that I had not got the word quite right. 

Often we can indeed infer from the context what a word roughly 

means, and that is in fact the way which we usually acquire both              6. ________ 

new words and new meanings for familiar words, specially in our            7. ________ 

own first language. But sometimes we need to ask, as I should have 

asked for plush, and this is particularly true in the                               

aspect of a foreign language. If you are continually surrounded by             9________

speakers of the language you are learning, you can ask them directly,  

but often this opportunity does not exist for the learner of English. 

So dictionaries have been developed to mend the gap.                            10. _________

2014年真题

Thereiswidespreadconsensusamongscholarsthatsecondlanguage

acquisition（SLA）emergedasadistinctfieldofresearchfromthelate1950sto

early1960s.

Thereisahighlevelofagreementthatthefollowingquestions      

have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area:

◆Isitpossibletoacquireanadditionallanguageinthe

samesenseoneacquiresafirstlanguage                            

◆Whatistheexplanationforthefactadultshave                    

moredifficultyinacquiringadditionallanguagesthanchildrenhave

◆Whatmotivatespeopletoacquireadditionallanguages

◆Whatistheroleofthelanguageteachinginthe                 

acquisitionofanadditionallanguage

◆Whatsocio-culturalfactors,ifany,arerelevantinstudyingthe

learningofadditionallanguages

Fromacheckoftheliteratureofthefielditisclearthatall            

theapproachesadoptedtostudythephenomenaofSLAsofarhave

onethingincommon:

Theperspectiveadoptedtoviewtheacquiring

ofanadditionallanguageisthatofanindividualattemptstodo     

so.Whetheronelabelsit“learning”or“acquiring”anadditional

language,itisanindividualaccomplishmentorwhatisunder              

focusisthecognitive,psychological,andinstitutionalstatusofan             

individual.Thatis,thespotlightisonwhatmentalcapabilitiesare

involving,whatpsychologicalfactorsplayaroleinthelearning          

oracquisition,andwhetherthetargetlanguageislearntinthe

classroomoracquiredthroughsocialtouchwithnativespeakers. 

2013年真题

Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes  involved in language. Psycholinguistics study understanding,  

production and remembering language, and hence are concerned     

with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language. 

One reason why we take the language for granted is that it usually   

happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accurately.               

Indeed, when you listen to someone to speaking, or looking at this page,  

 you normally cannot help but understand it. 

It is only in exceptional  circumstances we might  become aware of 

the complexity involved:

 if we are searching for a word but cannot 

remember it;  if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has 

influenced  their language; if we observe a child acquire language; 

if  we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; or  if we 

are visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meet anyone else 

who is. As we shall see, all these examplesof what might be called 

“language in exceptional circumstances”  reveal a great deal about the

 processes evolved in speaking,listening, writing and reading. But 

given that language processes  were normally so automatic, we also 

need to carry out careful experiments to get at what is happening.  

2012年真题

The central problem of translating has always been whether to 

translate literally or freely. The argument has been going since at least 

the first century . Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many 

writers favored certain kind of “free” translation:

 the spirit, not the 

letter; the sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter 

not the manner. This i