机械专业英语.docx

机械专业英语.docx

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机械专业英语

机电英语文献摘录

工程概论

先进制造技术

机械原理与零件

设计与制图

材料与加工

计算机控制

机器人与机电一体化产品

技术文献检索

上海大学

机电工程与自动化学院

目录

1工程概论

1.1TheEngineeringProfession工程专业4

1.2IndustryandTechnology工业和技术6

1.3ModernManufacturing现代制造业10

2先进制造技术

2.1AgileManufacturing敏捷制造14

2.2LeanProduction精益生产16

2.3VirtualManufacturing虚拟制造17

2.4ConcurrentEngineering并行工程19

3机械原理与零件

3.1GeneralConsiderations机械概述20

3.2TheSimpleMachine简单机械26

3.3Mechanisms机构30

3.4Gears齿轮33

3.5Cams凸轮40

3.6Linkages连杆机构42

3.7Belt带传动47

3.8Couplings，Clutches，Breaks联轴器、离合器、制动器52

3.9Bearings轴承59

4设计与制图

4.1DesignEngineerandDesignMethodology设计工程师与设计方法X

4.2CreativeDesign创新设计X

4.3MechanicalEngineeringDesign机械工程设计X

4.4IntroductiontoDrawing工程制图X

5材料与加工

5.1MetalMaterials金属材料X

5.2FiveBasicMachiningTechniques五种基本机械加工技术X

5.3LaserMachining激光加工X

6计算机控制

6.1Computer计算机X

6.2DevelopmentHistoryofComputerUse计算机应用的发展历史X

6.3ComputerIntegratedManufacturing计算机集成制造X

6.4Automation自动化X

6.5ArtificialIntelligence人工智能X

7机器人与机电一体化产品

7.1Mechatronics机电一体化X

7.2DevelopmentofRobotSystems机器人系统的发展X

7.3MechanicalDesignofanIndustrialRobot工业机器人中的机械设计X

7.4AutomaticTellerMachine自动柜员机X

7.5MicroscopicMachines微型机械X

8技术文献检索

8.1EngineeringIndex工程索引X

8.2Patent专利X

8.3TheInternet国际互联网X

TheEngineeringProfession

（工程专业）

1Engineeringisoneoftheoldestoccupationsinhistory.Withouttheskillsincludedinthebroadfieldofengineering,ourpresent-daycivilizationnevercouldhaveevolved.Thefirsttoolmakerswhochippedarrowsandspearsfromrockweretheforerunnersofmodernmechanicalengineers.Thecraftsmenwhodiscoveredmetalsintheearthandfoundwaystorefineandusethemweretheancestorsofminingandmetallurgicalengineers.Andtheskilledtechnicianswhodevisedirrigationsystemsanderectedthemarvelousbuildingsoftheancientworldwerethecivilengineersoftheirtime.OneoftheearliestnamesthathascomedowntousinhistoryisthatofImhotep,thedesignerofthesteppedpyramidatSakkarainEgyptabout3,000B.C.

2Engineeringisoftendefinedasmakingpracticalapplicationoftheoreticalsciencessuchasphysicsandmathematics.Manyoftheearlybranchesofengineeringwerebasednotonsciencebutonempiricalinformationthatdependedonobservationandexperienceratherthanontheoreticalknowledge.ThosewhodevisedmethodsforsplittingthemassiveblocksthatwereneededtobuildStone-henceinEnglandortheuniquepyramidsofEgyptdiscoveredtheprincipleofthewedgebytrialforthepyramidswereprobablyraisedintoplacebymeansoframpsofearththatsurroundedthestructuresastheyrose;itwasapracticalapplicationoftheinclinedplane,eventhoughtheconceptwasnotunderstoodintermsthatcouldbequantifiedorexpressedmathematically.

3Quantificationhasbeenoneoftheprincipalreasonsfortheexplosionofscientificknowledgesincethebeginningofthemodernageinthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturies.Anotherimportantfactorhasbeenthedevelopmentoftheexperimentalmethodtoverifytheories.Quantificationinvolvesputtingthedataorpiecesofinformationresultingfromexperimentationintoexactmathematicalterms.Itcannotbestressedtoostronglythatmathematicsisthelanguageofmodernengineering.

4Sincethenineteenthcenturybothscientificandpracticalapplicationofitsresultshaveescalated.Themechanicalengineernowhasthemathematicalabilitytocalculatethemechanicaladvantagethatresultsfromthecomplexinteractionofmanydifferentmechanisms.Heorshehasnewandstrongermaterialstoworkwithandenormousnewsourceofpower.TheIndustrialRevolutionbeganbyputtingwaterandsteamtowork;sincethenmachinesusingelectricity,gasoline,andotherenergysourceshavebecomesowidespreadthattheynowdoaverylargeproportionoftheworkoftheworld.

5Oneresultoftherapidexpansionofscientificknowledgewasanincreaseinthenumberofscientificandengineeringspecialities.Bytheendofthenineteenthcenturynotonlyweremechanical,civil,andminingandmetallurgicalengineeringestablishedbutthenewerspecialtiesofchemicalandelectricalengineeringemerged.Thisexpansionhascontinuedtothepresentday.Wenowhave,forexample,nuclear,petroleum,aerospace,andelectronicengineering.Withinthefieldofeachengineeringtherearesubdivisions.

6Forexample,withinthefieldofcivilengineeringitself,therearesubdivisions:

structuralengineering,whichdealswithpermanentstructure;hydraulicengineering,whichisconcernedwithsystemsinvolvingtheflowandcontrolofwaterorotherfluids;andsanitaryorenvironmentalengineering,whichinvolvesthestudyofwatersupply,purification,andsewersystems.Themajorsubdivisionofmechanicalengineering’sindustrialengineeringwhichisconcernedwithcompletemechanicalsystemsforindustryratherthanindividualmachines.

7Anotherresultoftheincreaseinscientificknowledgeisthatengineeringhasgrownintoaprofession.Aprofessionisanoccupationlikelaw,medicine,orengineeringthatrequiresspecialized,advancededucation;indeed,theyareoftencalledthe“learnedprofessions.”Untilthenineteenthcentury,engineersgenerallywerecraftsmenorprojectorganizerswholearnedtheirskillsthroughapprenticeship,on-the-jobtraining,ortrialanderror.Nowadays,manyengineersspendyearsstudyingatuniversitiesforadvanceddegree.Yeteventhoseengineerswhodonotstudyforadvanceddegreesmustbeawareofchangesintheirfieldandthoserelatedtoit.

8Thus,thewordengineerisusedintwowaysinEnglish.Oneusagereferstotheprofessionalengineerwhohasauniversitydegreeandeducationinmathematics,science,andoneoftheengineeringspecialties.Engineer,however,isalsousedtorefertoapersonwhooperatesormaintainsanengineormachine.Anexcellentexampleistherailroadlocomotiveengineerwhooperatesatrain.Engineersinthissenseareessentiallytechniciansratherthanprofessionalengineers.

IndustryandTechnology

（工业和技术）

1Scienceisthestudyofthelawsofnature.Technologyistheapplicationofscienceforsomepracticalpurpose.Industry,inturn,usestechnologytoproducetheproductsweuseeveryday.

2Themethodsusedbypeopletomakethingsareconstantlychanging.Forexample,inancienttimes,ifsomeoneneededachair,hehadtomakeitbyhimself.Lateron,thepeoplewhowereespeciallygoodatmakingchairsandotherfurniturebecamecabinetmakers.Theydidnothingelsebutmakingwoodenarticleswhichtheysoldortradedtootherpeople.Thesecraftspeoplehadtobeveryskilled.Theyhadtoknowaboutthedifferentkindsofwoodandhowtoseasonit.Theyhadtodesignfurnitureandthereforeknowjoinerymethods.Theyhadtoknowhowtousetoolstoworkthewoodandwhatkindoffinishestouseandhowtoapplythem.Inotherwords,theyhadtoknowaboutallaspectsoftheircraft.

3Acabinetmakerwithasuccessfulbusinesscouldnotdoalltheworkalone.Otherpeoplewerehiredandtrainedtohelp,anda“cottageindustry”began.Cottageindustriesweresmallfactories,withafewworkers,locatedinornearacraftperson’shome.Herelaborwasdividedupaccordingtoskill.Forexample,anapprenticemightcutlogsintoboardsandsmooththemintolumber.Thecraftpersonwasthenfreetousehisspecialskillstodesignandmakefurnitureorcabinets.

4Withtheindustrialrevolutioninthelate1700s,thefactorysystemofproductionbegan.Nowthecabinetmakerstartedafurniturefactorywherelargenumbersofpeopleworkedathighlyspecializedjobs.Onepersonmadeonlychairlegs,anotheronlytheseat.Machinesweredevelopedtoaidthepeopleintheirworkandtomakethemmoreproductive.Asmoreandbettermachines,newermethodsofjoiningandworkingwoods,andbetter,moreefficientmass-productiontechniquesweredeveloped,themodernfactoryemerged.

5ProductDesignThenexttimeyouuseatooltodoajobaroundthehouse,takethetimetostudyit.Doesthetoolworkasitshould?

Doesthewrenchholdthenutsecurely,orthechiselcutasitshould?

Havetherightmaterialsbeenusedtomakethetoolstrongenough?

Isthetoolcomfortabletoholdandwellbalanced?

Ifyouansweryes,theobjectisprobablywelldesigned.

6Tools,likeallotherproductsofindustry（sportsequipment,automobiles,chairs,knivesandforks,anddozensofitemsthatyouuseeachday）wereplannedandmadetodocertainjobsandtomakeyourlifebetter.Thepeoplewhoplantheseproductsarecalleddesigners.Theyworkintheresearchanddevelopmentdepartmentsofindustries.Theirjobistodesignnewandbetterproductsandtoimproveoldones.Iftheseproductsworkastheyshould,iftheyaremadeoftherightmaterialsandinterestingtolookat,theyarewelldesigned.Ifnot,theproductswillbepoor.

7Homesandotherbuildingarealsodesigned.Thepeoplewhodesignthesestructuresarecalledarchitects.Thebuildingstheydesignmustmeettheneedsofthepeoplewhoaretousethem.Thematerialstobeused,thesizeandarrangementoftherooms,theefficientuseofenergy---allthesemustbeconsideredasthearchitectplansthebuilding.

8WhatisDesign?

Verysimply,designingisplanning.Todoitwellyoumustthinkcarefullyabouttheproductyouwishtomake.Itshouldbeoriginalwork---yourworkandnotsomeoneelse’s.Inotherwords,youmustbecreative.Designingiscreativeplanningtomeetsomespecialhumanneed.

9Inordertobegood,theproductthatyouaredesigningshouldmeetthreerequirements:

---Itshouldworkproperly（functionalreq