英国文学复习要点刘炳善《英国文学简史》.docx

英国文学复习要点刘炳善《英国文学简史》.docx

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英国文学复习要点刘炳善《英国文学简史》

英国文学复习要点〔教材X炳善《英国文学简史》〕

PartOne:

EarlyandMedieval

1.Beowulf:

nationalepicoftheEnglishpeople;Denmarkstory;alliteration,metaphorsandunderstatements.

*2.Romance〔名词解释〕

（1）.Thebasicmaterialofmedievalromanceisknightlyactivityandadventure;wemightbestdefinemedievalromanceasastoryofadventure--fictitious,frequentlymarvelousorsupernatural--inverseorprose.

（2）.Alongcompositiondescribingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero.Thecentralcharacterwastheknight,amanofnoblebirthskilledintheuseofweaponswhowasverydevotedtothekingortothechurch.

（3）.Onewhowantedtobeaknightshouldservepatientlyuntilhewasadmittedtotheknighthoodwithsolemnceremonyandtheswearingofoaths.

TheNatureoftheRomance:

（4）.TheNatureoftheRomance:

1）Themes:

Loyaltytothekingandthelord,whichwasthecorner-stoneoffeudalmorality.

2）Theaudiencewasofnoblepeoplefromthecourtorthecastle.

3）TheRomancehadnothingtodowiththecommonpeople.

4）TheRomancewerewrittenforthenoble,ofthenobleandinmostcasesbythepoetspatronizedbythenoble.

*3.PiersthePlowman.Over7000lines,writtenbyWilliamLangland.

*4.Ballad民谣〔名词解释〕

1.Ashortnarrativepoemwithstanzasoftwoorfourlinesandusuallyarefrain.Thestory,folklorepopularlegends.straightforwardverse,swithgraphicsimplicityandforce.suitableforsinginggenerallywritteninballadmeter,withthelastwordsofthesecondandfourthlinesrhyming.

2.thesubjectsofBallad:

（1）thestruggleofyoungloverswhoarefightagainstthefeudalism

（2）theconflictbetweenloveandwealth

（3）thecrueltyofjealousy

（4）thecriticismofthecivilwar

（5）themattersofclassstruggles.5.CharacterofRobinHood

1.RobinHood---AlegendaryEnglishheroofmanyballads,whorobbedtherichtogivetothepoor;apopularmodelofcourage,generosityandjustice.

2.strong,brave,clever,tender-hearted,affectionate.Hatredtothecrueloppressors,loveforthepoorandthedowntrodden

*6.GeoffreyChaucer桥搜:

founderofEnglishpoetry;TheCanterburyTales（maincontents;124storiesplanned,only24finished;writteninMiddleEnglish;significance;form:

heroiccouplet）

7.Heroiccouplet（名词解释）

AheroiccoupletisatraditionalformforEnglishpoetry,commonlyusedforepicandnarrativepoetry;itreferstopoemsconstructedfromasequenceofrhymingpairsofiambicpentameterlines.

Troditionalformforenglishpoetry,commonlyusedforepicandnarrativepoetry,asequenceofrhymingparisofiambicpentameter.

8.TheAuthorizedVersionofEnglishBibleanditssignificance.*9.Renaissance〔名词解释〕

1.aculturalandartisticmovementinEnglandfromtheearly16thcenturytotheearly17thcentury.

TheRenaissancemarksatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.TheRenaissanceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattempts:

（1）togetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,

（2）tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,

（3）torecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.

*10.ThomasMore——Utopia

*11.Sonnet〔名词解释〕

Thesonnetisapoemin14lineswithoneortheotherrhymeschme,aformmuchinvogueinRenaissanceEurope,expeciallyinItaly,FranceandEngland.

In1609appearedShakespeare’ssonnets.TheSonnetswerewrittenoveranumberofyears,probablybeginningintheearly1590s.

12.Blankverse〔名词解释〕13.EdmundSpenser

“TheFaerieQueene〞;Amoretti（collectionofhissonnets）

SpenserianStanza〔名词解释〕

StanzaformdevelopedbyEdmundSpenserandalmostcertainlyinfluencedbyrhymeroyalandottavarima.Spenser'sstanzahasninelinesandisrhymeda-b-a-b-b-c-b-c-c.Thefirsteightlinesofthestanzaareiniambicpentameterandthelastlineiniambichexameter.HeusedthisforminhisepicpoemTheFaerieQueene.JohnKeats,agreatadmirerofSpenser,usedthisstanzainhispoemTheEveofSt.Agnes.

*14.FrancisBacon“essays〞esp.“OfStudies〞〔本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读〕*16.WilliamShakespeare可以说是英国文学史中最重要的作家。

四大喜剧〔AMidsummerNight'sDream-TheMerchantofVenice-AsYouLikeIt-TwelfthNight〕，四大悲剧〔Macbeth-KingLear-Hamlet-Othello〕比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱丽叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，最重要的喜剧作品是Hamlet这是肯定的。

他的sonnets，最重要属sonnet18。

〔其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗〕

*18.JohnMilton三大史诗（1667ParadiseLost1671ParadiseRegained1671SamsonAgonistes）非常重要，特别是ParadiseLost和SamsonAgonistes。

对于ParadiseLost需要知道它是blankverse写成的，故事情节来自OldTestament，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。

对于SamsonAgonistes要知道它是poeticaldrama，知道故事大概情节与其来源。

课本中的briefsummary中5条要看。

Theme—arevoltagainstGod’sauthority

TheimageofSatan:

thespiritquestioningtheauthorityofGod

SamsoAgonistes---poeticaldrama

Briefsummary

1.Miltonwaspoliticalinbothhislifeandhisart.HewasamilitantpamphleteeroftheEnglishRevolution,andthegreatestEnglishrevolutionarypoetofthe17thcentury.

2.MiltonwrotethegreatestepicinEnglishliterature.HisinfluenceisomnipresentinalmostalllaterEnglishpoetry.HeandShakespearehavealwaysbeenregardedastwopatternsofEnglishverse.

3.Miltonisamasteroftheblankverse.Hefirstusedblankverseinnon-dramaticworks.Here,hisowngeniusforpoetryandmatchlessdaringinexperimentintroducedvariety（variationofpause,connnectionoflines,etc.）andachievedextraordinaryfreedomfrommonotony.InParadiseLost,heacquiresanabsolutemasteryoftheblankverse.

4.Miltonisagreatstylist.Heisfamousforhisgrandstyle,whichistheresultofhislifelongclassicalandbiblicalstudy.Buthisstyleisneverexactlynatural.Itisartattainedbydefiniteandconscientiousrhetoricaldevices.Forexample,helikestouseLatinismsandpropernamesofresonanceandcolourtocreateandelevatedanddignifiedeffect.

5.Miltonhasalwaysbeenadmiredforhissublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression.But,inordertoappreciateMilton,itisnecessarytoknowtheEnglishlanguagethoroughlyandwithacloseintimacy.Ashisworksincludesomeofthegreatestpoemsoftheworld,itisworththegreatefforttoreadthemintheoriginal.

19.JohnBunyan——ThePilgrim’sProgress

20.FounderoftheMetaphysicalschool——JohnDonne;featuresoftheschool:

philosophicalpoems,complexrhythmsandstrangeimages

*21.RestorationLiterature（1660—1788）:

aperiodofreactionanddegeneration.WiththerestorationoftheStuartmonarchy,awhiteterrorsetin.Someoftherevolutionaryleaderswerecruellyexecuted,andPuritansindiscriminatelyrepressed.

22.JohnDryden——“AllforLove〞（atragedy）;“AnEssayofDramaticPoesy〞（Literarycriticism）;forerunneroftheClassicisminBritain*23.Enlightenment（1650-1800）〔名词解释〕（Relativism/Rationalism/Individualism）

Individualism--emphasizedtheimportanceoftheindividualandhisinbornrights

Rationalism--theconvictionthatwiththepowerofreason,humanscouldarriveattruthandimprovetheworld.

Relativism--wastheconceptthatdifferentcultures,beliefs,ideas,andvaluesystemshadequalmerit.

*24.Classicism〔名词解释〕

1.Inthearts,historicaltraditionoraestheticattitudesbasedontheartofGreeceandRomeinantiquity.Inthecontextofthetradition,Classicismreferseithertotheartproducedinantiquityortolaterartinspiredbythatofantiquity;Neoclassicismalwaysreferstotheartproducedlaterbutinspiredbyantiquity.

2.InmusicthegreatClassicalperiodaroseinthelate18thcenturyandwasdominatedbycomposersoftheGerman-speakingareaofEurope:

JosephHaydn,WolfgangAmadeusMozart,andtheyoungLudwigvanBeethoven.Theirmusicispolished,refined,andmelodic.Intheirera,instrumentalmusicbecamemoreimportantthanvocalmusicforthefirsttimeinhistory.Intenseinterestinsuchmusicandinregularized“Classical〞formledtothestandardizationofsymphonyorchestras,chamberensembles,pianos,andvariouscompositionalforms.

3.ClassicisminliteraturearoselaterthaninFranceandreacheditszenithinthe18th-centurywritingsofJohnDrydenandAlexanderPope.TheClassicistsmodelledthemselvesonGreekandLatinauthorsandtriedtocontrolliterarycreationbysomefixedlawsandrulesdrawnfromGreekandLatinworks.

25.RichardSteele——“TheTatler〞26.JosephAddison——“TheSpectator〞注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文。

27.Steel’sandAddison’sstylesandtheircontributions〔课本中有详细内容〕

28.AlexanderPope:

“EssayonCriticism〞,“EssayonMan〞,“TheRapeofLock〞,“TheDunciad〞;hisworkmanship（features）andlimitations

*29.JonathanSwift:

“Gulliver’sTravels〞要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象;

“AModestProposal〞,要注意作者用的irony也就是反讽手法。

PartI:

ShipwreckinLilliput,tallestpeopleweresixincheshigh.

SwiftsatirizestheToriesandtheWhigsinEngland.ReligiousdisputeswerelaughedatinanaccountofaproblemwhichdividedtheLilliputians.

Thispartisfullofreferencestocurrentpolitics.

TheLilliputianssymbolizehumankind’swildlyexcessiveprideinitsownpunyexistence.

PartII:

ThevoyagetoBrobdingnag.Mansixtyfeetinheight.LaughatthestruttingandbowingofEnglishlordsandladiesasmuchastheKingdidathim.

TheBrobdingnagianssymbolizetheprivate,personal,andphysicalsideofhumanswhenexaminedupcloseandingreatdetail.

PartIII:

intheIslandofSorcerors.Satireonphilosophersandprojectors.

PartIV:

Yahoo.

*30.Theriseandgrowthoftherealisticnovelisthemostprominentachievementof18thcenturyEnglishliterature.

31.DanielDefoe:

“RobinsonCrusoe〞,“MollFlanders〞,剧情要清楚，书中这一节最后一段，有RobinsonCrusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以与殖XX义的萌芽。

另外注意Defoe的style和feature，Defoe是forerunnerofEnglishrealisticnovel。

32.SamuelRichardson——