自考英语国家概况汇总版.docx

自考英语国家概况汇总版.docx

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自考英语国家概况汇总版

knkk　Chapter1　LandandPeople

一、本章知识点

　　1.重点：

　①DifferentnamesforBritainanditsparts

　　2.难点、考点：

①Britain’sofficialname　　②BritishCommonwealth

　　三、课本内容

（一）DifferentnamesforBritainanditsparts

　　Strictlyspeaking,theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEnglandareallgeographicalnames.

　　1.TheBritishIslesaremadeupoftwolargeislandsandhundredsofsmallislands.（seemapofUK）ThetwolargeislandsareGreatBritainandIreland.GreatBritainisthelargerofthesetwoislands.

　　2.★TheofficialnameoftheUnitedKingdomistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.Butitistoomuchofamouthfultosaysuchalongnameforacountry,sopeoplejustsayBritain,theUnitedKingdomorsimplyU.K.

　　（UK）capital:

London

　　TheRepublicofIreland爱尔兰共和国hasbeenanindependentrepublicsince1949anditscapitalisDublin.

　　3.TherearethreepoliticaldivisionsontheislandofGreatBritain:

England,Scotland,andWales.Englandisthelargest,mostpopulousandrichest,sopeopletendtouse“England”and“English”whentheymean“Britain”and“British”.

　　4.TheBritishEmpire大英帝国:

onefourthoftheworld’speopleandonefourthoftheworld’slandarea.

　　5.TheBritishEmpiregraduallydisappearedanditwasreplacedbytheBritishCommonwealthortheCommonwealthofNationsin1931.★TheCommonwealthisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingarrangements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers.ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachnation.如果出简答,则只需要第一句话.

（二）Others

　　GeographicalFeatures

　　1.TheUnitedKingdomisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelinthesouthandtheNorthSeaintheeast.TheEnglishChannelliesbetweenBritainandFrance.（p.4）

　　TaiwanStrait：

台湾海峡

　　2.“Chunnel”:

channel+tunnel,openedtotrafficin1994.（p.5）

　　Smog:

smoke+fog　　Mortel:

motor+hotel　　Kidult:

kid+adult

　　3.ThehighestmountaininBritain:

BenNevis,1,343minScotland.（p.6）

　　Thelongestriver:

theSevernRiver（338km）

　　Thesecondlargestandmostimportantriver:

theThamesRiver（336km）（p.7）

　　4.90%ofthepopulationisurbanandonly10%isrural.（p.11）

　　5.TheEnglishareAnglo-Saxons盎格鲁撒克逊人,buttheScots,WelshandIrishareCelts凯尔特人.（p.12）

　　四、总结　　①Britain’sofficialname　　②BritishCommonwealth

Chapter2　TheOriginsofaNation（5000BC–AD1066）

一、本章知识点

　　1.重点：

①ArrivalandsettlementoftheCelts　②BasisofmodernEnglishrace:

theAnglo-Saxons　③TheVikingandDanishinvasions　④KingAlfredandhiscontributions　⑤TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences

　　2.难点、考点：

①theAnglo-Saxons:

Heptarchy七王国;foundationoftheEnglishstate　②KingAlfred　③NormanConquest

　　　三、课本内容

（一）ArrivalandsettlementoftheCelts（p.17）

　　1.begantoarriveabout700BC

　　2.originallyhavecomefromeasternandcentralEurope,nowFrance,BelgiumandsouthernGermany

　　3.threemainwaves——1st.Gaels盖尔人,about600BC;2nd.Brythons布列吞人,400BC,（Britain）;3rd.Belgae比利其人,150BC,（Belgium）.　Gaelic：

盖尔语

　　4.TheCeltictribesareancestorsofHighlandScots,theIrishandtheWelsh,andtheirlanguagesarethebasisofbothWelshandGaelic.

　　5.Religion:

Druidism:

TheCelts’religionwasDruidism.TheDruidsworshippedandperformedtheirritesinwoodsbythelightofthemoon.

　　6.RomanBritain（55BC–AD410）　p.18:

BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion.Fornearly400yearsBritainwasundertheRomanoccupation.TheRomancapitalwasLondon（Londinium）.

（二）BasisofmodernEnglishrace:

theAnglo-Saxons（p.20-23）

　　1.mid-5thcentury,threeTeutonictribes:

Jutes朱特人（fromsouthernDenmark）,Saxons,andAngles（bothfromnorthernGermany）;AnglesweretogivetheirnametotheEnglishpeople.

　　2.★Heptarchy七王国——sevenprincipalkingdomssetupbytheAnglo-Saxons:

Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MarciaandNorthumbria.（英国版的战国七雄）Monarchy：

君主制TheAnglo-Saxontribes部落wereconstantlyatwarwithoneanother,eachtryingtogettheupperhand,sothatthekingdomswereoftenbrokenupandoftenpiecedtogetheragain.

　3.In829,Egbert伯特becameanoverlordofalltheEnglish.

　4.Teutonic日耳曼人的religion:

Tiu—war,Woden—heaven,Thor—Storms,Freya—Peace

　5.St.Augustine奥古斯丁——thefirstArchbishopofCanterbury.坎特伯雷大教主

　6.★Anglo-SaxonslaidthefoundationsoftheEnglishstate:

dividethecountryintoshires（郡）,latercounties;thenarrow-strip,three-fieldfarmingsystem（三田轮作）;manorial庄园system;Witan（议会）（councilormeetingofthewisemen,贤人会议）,thebasisofthePrivyCouncil枢密院whichstillexiststoday.

（三）TheVikingandDanishinvasions（p.23-24）

1.fromtheendof8thcentury,NorwegianVikingsandDanesfromDenmark挪威海盗和丹麦人

2.TheDanesgainedthe“Danelaw”（丹麦法区）,thenorthandeastofEngland.

3.TheWitanchoseCanute,theDanishLeader,askingin1016.CanutemadeEnglandpartofaScandinavianempire.

（四）KingAlfredandhiscontributions

1.KingofWessex（871-899）（抗击北欧海盗入侵的国家英雄）

2.★hiscontributions:

“thefatheroftheBritishnavy”;reorganizedthefyrd英国民兵（theSaxonarmy）;translatedintoEnglishBede’sEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople;establishedschoolsandformulatedalegalsystem.

3.“AlfredtheGreat”

（五）TheNormanConquestanditsconsequences（p.24-25）

1.KingEdward,knownas“theConfessor”,wasfarmoreNormanthanSaxon心向着诺曼第人（法国）,而不是撒克逊人（英国）.

　　2.4menlaidclaimtotheEnglishthrone:

theKingofNorway,theDukeofNormandy,TostigandHarold（twobrothersofEdward’sQueen）;4人对英国有继承权,挪威国王,诺曼底公爵和爱德华国王王后的两个兄弟

　　3.Oct.14,1066,Hastings,Anglo-SaxonEnglandperishedwithHarold’sdeath.因为Harold的死亡,英国被诺曼人打败

　　4.WilliamwascrownedKingofEnglandonChristmasDay.

　　5.WilliamtheConqueror:

thebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory;thefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablished.法国诺曼第人征服后,威廉成为英国国王,成为英语历史最著明的事件,并且完本建立了封建制度.

　　四、总结:

　历史上定居和入侵英国的不同民族：

Celts,（Romans）Anglo-Saxons,Viking/Dales,andNormans

Chapter3theshapingofthenation1066-1381

本章知识点

1重点:

1England’sfeudalismundertheruleofWilliamtheConqueror;2ContentsandthesignificanceoftheGreatCharter;3OriginsoftheEnglishParliament;4TheHundredYears’WarwithFranceanditsconsequences;5ConsequencesoftheBlackDeath;

2难点\考点:

Englishfeudalism:

Domesdaybook<土地清帐册>;GreatCharter;EnglishParliament;

3课本内容

i.England’sfeudalismundertheruleofWilliamtheConqueror

1.UnderWilliam,thefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished.Accordingtothissystem,theKingownedthelandpersonally.Williamgavehisbarons男爵largeestatesinEnglandinreturnforapromiseofmilitaryserviceandaproportionoftheland’sproduce.

Thebaronsparceledout分配landtothelessernobles,knightsandfreemen,alsoinreturnforgoodsandservices.Atthebottomofthefeudalscalewerethevillainsofserfs,unfreepeasantswhowerelittlebetterthanslaves.

★Classstructure等级结构:

theking;barons-tenants-in-chief;lessernobles,knights,andfreemen;villains\serfs

（补充:

baron’soathofallegiance誓词fortheking:

“wewhoareasgoodasyousweartoyou,whoarenobetterthanwe,toacceptyouasourkingandsovereignlordprovidedyouobserveallourstatutesandlaws;ifnot,no.”国王与贵族在封建法规所规定的权力和义务范围内平起平坐.）

2.ReplacetheWitanwiththeGrandCouncil（大会议）

WilliamreplacedtheWitan,thecounciloftheAnglo-SaxonKings,withtheGrandCouncilofhisnewtenants-in-chief,onwhichtheywererequiredtoservewhensummoned.

3.★DomesdayBook:

recordoflands,tenants,andtheirpossessions,fortaxes.NotunliketheBookofDoom.（末日审判书）

Inordertohaveareliablerecordofallhislands,histenantsandtheirpossessionsandtodiscoverhowmuchtheycouldbecalledupontopaybywayoftaxes,WilliamsenthisclerkstocompileapropertyrecordknownasDomesdayBookbecauseitseemedtotheEnglishnotunliketheBookofDoomtobeusedbythegreatestfeudallordofallonJudgmentDay.

注:

WilliamtookadeepinterestinthedevelopmentofthechurchinEngland.Hispolicytowardsthechurchwastokeepitcompletelyunderhiscontrol,butatthesametimetoupholditspower.Buthetookcaretomaintainhisownindependence.

4.HenryⅡ,founderofthePlantagenetdynasty（金雀花王朝）,ruledfor35years.

Henry,founderoftheAngevinDynasty,usuallyknownasthePlantagenetdynasty,becamekingandwentontorulefor35years.

InHenryⅡ’sreignacommonlaw,whichover-rodelocallawandprivatelaw,wasgraduallyestablishedinplaceofthecustomsofthemanorwhichhadpreviouslyvariednotonlyfromshiretoshirebutevenfromonecommunitytoanother.

Thecommonlawistheunwrittenlawcommontothewholepeopleasdistinctfromlawgoverningonlysectionsofit,andis“case-made”,i.e.,basedonprecedentjudgments,andderivedfromacknowledgedcustom.

InHenry’sdaythejurysystem-whoseoriginscanbetracedtoprimitivetrialsinwhichwitnesseswerecalledforwardtosweartotheinnocenceoftheaccused-wasatlastreplacingoldEnglishordealsbyfireandwaterandoldNormantrialsbybattle.

ii.contentsandthesignificanceoftheGreatcharter

1.Crusades（十字军东征）.TheresultwasconfrontationbetweenkingJohnandhisbaronsin1215.

2.MagnaCarta,1215

Thebarons’charter,orMagnaCartaasitcametobeknown,waspresentedbyadelegationoftheirclasstothekingandhisadvisersinthesummerof1215ataconferenceatRunnymede,anislandintheThamesfourmilesdownstreamfromWindsor.

3.contents-63clauses:

NotaxshouldbemadewithouttheapprovaloftheGrandCouncil;nofreemanshouldbearrested,imprisoned,ordeprivedofhispropertyexceptbythelawoftheland;theChurch