隧道工程项目英语.docx

隧道工程项目英语.docx

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隧道工程项目英语

TableofContents

8.1.5tunnel2

8.1.5.1typeoftunnel2

8.1.5.1.1classifiedbyconstructionmethod2

8.1.5.1.2classifiedbyshapeofcross-section2

8.1.5.2constructionmethod3

8.1.5.2.1constructionprocedure3

8.1.5.2.2TBMmethod4

8.1.5.2.3dillandblast5

8.1.5.2.4cutandcover7

8.1.5.2.5ventatilation7

8.1.5.2.6lightingsystem9

8.1.5.2.7tunnelfinishes9

8.1.5.3glossary10

8.1.5tunnel

8.1.5.1typeoftunnel

8.1.5.1.1classifiedbyconstructionmethod

1

Cutandcovertunnel

2

Dillandblasttunnel

3

TMBtunnel

4

Sunkentubetunnel

8.1.5.1.2classifiedbyshapeofcross-section

1

Singletunnel

2

Twintunnel

3

Tri-tunnel

4

8.1.5.2constructionmethod

8.1.5.2.1constructionprocedure

8.1.5.2.2TBMmethod

Whattmbis:

A tunnelboringmachine （TBM）,alsoknownasa"mole",isamachineusedtoexcavate tunnels withacircularcrosssectionthroughavarietyofsoiland rockstrata.Theymayalsobeusedfor microtunneling.Theycan bore throughanythingfromhardrockto sand.Tunneldiameterscanrangefromametre（donewithmicro-TBMs）to19.25metrestodate.Tunnelsoflessthanametreorsoindiameteraretypicallydoneusing trenchlessconstruction methodsor horizontaldirectionaldrillingratherthanTBMs.

WhatpartsincludedinTMB

ModernTBMstypicallyconsistoftherotatingcuttingwheel,calledacutterhead,followedbyamainbearing,athrustsystemandtrailingsupportmechanisms.

Whatsoilconditionsappliedin

Inhardrock,eithershieldedoropen-typeTBMscanbeused.AlltypesofhardrockTBMsexcavaterockusingdisccuttersmountedinthecutterhead.

Infracturedrock,shieldedhardrockTBMscanbeused,whicherectconcretesegmentstosupportunstabletunnelwallsbehindthemachine.

Insoftground,therearethreemaintypesofTBMs:

EarthPressureBalanceMachines（EPB）,SlurryShield（SS）andopen-facetype.BothtypesofclosedmachinesoperatelikeSingleShieldTBMs,usingthrustcylinderstoadvanceforwardbypushingoffagainstconcretesegments.

Meritandweakness

TBMshavetheadvantagesoflimitingthedisturbancetothesurroundinggroundandproducingasmoothtunnelwall.Thissignificantlyreducesthecostofliningthetunnel,andmakesthemsuitabletouseinheavilyurbanizedareas.Themajordisadvantageistheupfrontcost.TBMsareexpensivetoconstruct,andcanbedifficulttotransport.TBMsismuchmoreefficientandresultsinshortenedcompletiontimes（whentheyoperatesuccessfully）.

TBMprocedure

Procedure

Qualitypoint

1

Workingwellatstartingend

Groundload-bearingcapacity,bankstability

2

Cuttingandmucking

Alignment,cross-sectionsizeandshape,amountofmucking,grounddeformation

3

Lining

Pre-fabricatedSegmentquality（…..）,installationquality（……）

4

Workingwellatfinishingend

Groundload-bearingcapacity,bankstability

5

8.1.5.2.3dillandblast

Whatdillandblastmethodis

DrillingandBlastingisthecontrolleduseof explosives andothermethodssuchas gaspressureblasting pyrotechnics,tobreak rock for excavation.Itispracticedmostoftenin mining, quarrying and civilengineering suchas dam orroadconstruction.

Typeofdrillandblast

TYPE1:

Twinsidewalldriftfaceexcavation

TYPE2:

Singlesidewalldriftfaceexcavation

TYPE3:

Crown,benchandinvertfaceexcavation

procedureofdrillandblastmethod

Procedure

Qualitypoint

1

Installgunpowder

2

Blast

3

CutingandMurcking

4

Rockbolt

5

Lining

8.1.5.2.4cutandcover

Whatcutandcovermethodis

Cut-and-cover isasimplemethodofconstructionforshallowtunnelswherea trench isexcavatedand roofed overwithanoverheadsupportsystemstrongenoughtocarrytheloadofwhatistobebuiltabovethetunnel.

Typeofcutandcovermethod

1bottom-upmethod

Bottom-upmethod:

Atrenchisexcavated,withgroundsupportasnecessary,andthetunnelisconstructedinit.Thetunnelmaybeofinsituconcrete,precastconcrete,precastarches,orcorrugatedsteelarches;inearlydaysbrickworkwasused.Thetrenchisthencarefullyback-filledandthesurfaceisreinstated.

2top-bottommethod

Top-downmethod:

Sidesupportwallsandcappingbeamsareconstructedfromgroundlevelbysuchmethodsas slurrywallingorcontiguousboredpiling.Thenashallowexcavationallowsmakingthetunnelroofofprecastbeamsorinsituconcrete.Thesurfaceisthenreinstatedexceptforaccessopenings.Thisallowsearlyreinstatementofroadways,servicesandothersurfacefeatures.Excavationthentakesplaceunderthepermanenttunnelroof,andthebaseslabisconstructed.

procedureofcutandcovermethod

type1top-bottommethod

Procedure

Qualitypoint

1

Constructtunnelwallandroof

2

Cutandmuckunderroof

3

Constructthetunnelfloor

Type2bottom-topmethod

Procedure

Qualitypoint

1

Cutthetrench

2

Constructthetunnel

3

Backfill

8.1.5.2.5ventatilation

NaturalVentilation

Anaturallyventilatedtunnelisassimpleasthenameimplies.Themovementofairiscontrolledbymeteorologicalconditionsandthepistoneffectcreatedbymovingtrafficpushingthestaleairthroughthetunnel.Thiseffectisminimizedwhenbi-directionaltrafficispresent.Themeteorologicalconditionsincludeelevationandtemperaturedifferencesbetweenthetwoportals,andwindblowingintothetunnel.

LongitudinalVentilation

Longitudinalventilationissimilartonaturalventilationwiththeadditionofmechanicalfans,eitherintheportalbuildings,thecentershaft,ormountedinsidethetunnel.

Semi-TransverseVentilation

Semi-transverseventilationalsomakesuseofmechanicalfansformovementofair,butitdoesnotusetheroadwayenvelopeitselfastheductwork.Aseparateplenumorductworkisaddedeitheraboveorbelowthetunnelwithfluesthatallowforuniformdistributionofairintooroutofthetunnel.Thisplenumorductworkistypicallylocatedaboveasuspendedceilingorbelowastructuralslabwithinatunnelwithacircularcross-section.

Full-TransverseVentilation

Full-transverseventilationusesthesamecomponentsassemi-transverseventilation,butitincorporatessupplyairandexhaustairtogetheroverthesamelengthoftunnel.Thismethodisusedprimarilyforlongertunnelsthathavelargeamountsofairthatneedtobereplacedorforheavilytraveledtunnelsthatproducehighlevelsofcontaminants.Thepresenceofsupplyandexhaustductsallowsforapressuredifferencebetweentheroadwayandtheceiling;therefore,theairflowstransversetothetunnellengthandiscirculatedmorefrequently.Thissystemmayalsoincorporatesupplyorexhaustductworkalongbothsidesofthetunnelinsteadofatthetopandbottom.

Single-PointExtraction.

Inconjunctionwithsemi-andfull-transverseventilationsystems,single-pointextractioncanbeusedtoincreasetheairflowpotentialintheeventofafireinthetunnel.Thesystemworksbyallowingtheopeningsizeofselectexhaustfluestoincreaseduringanemergency.Thiscanbedonebymechanicallyopeninglouversorbyconstructingportionsoftheceilingoutofmaterialthatwouldgofromasolidtoagasduringafire,thusprovidingalargeropening.Bothofthesemethodsarerathercostlyandthusareseldomused.Newertunnelsachieveequalresultssimplybyprovidinglargerextractionportsatgivenintervalsthatareconnectedtothefansthroughtheductwork.

8.1.5.2.6lightingsystem

HighwayTunnels

Therearevariouslightsourcesthatareusedintunnelstomakeupthetunnellightingsystems.Theseincludefluorescent,high-pressuresodium,low-pressuresodium,metalhalide,andpipelighting,whichisasystemthatmayuseoneoftheprecedinglightsourcetypes.Systemsarechosenbasedontheirlife-cyclecostsandtheamountoflightthatisrequiredfornighttimeanddaytimeillumination.Shortertunnelswillrequirelessdaytimelightingduetotheeffectoflightenteringtheportalsonbothends,whereaslongertunnelswillrequireextensivelightingforbothnighttimeanddaytimeconditions.Inconjunctionwiththelightingsystem,ahighlyreflectivesurfaceonthewallsandceiling,suchastileormetalpanels,maybeused.

Fluorescentlightstypicallylinetheentireroadwaytunnellengthtoprovidetheappropriateamountoflight.

Attheendsoftheroadwaytunnel,low-pressuresodiumlampsorhigh-pressuresodiumlampsareoftencombinedwiththefluorescentlightstoprovidehighervisibilitywhendrivers'eyesareadjustingtothedecreaseinnaturallight.

RailTransitTunnels

Railtransittunnelsaresimilartohighwaytunnelsinthattheyshouldprovidesufficientlightfortrainoperatorstoproperlyadjustfromthebrightportalorstationconditionstothedarkerconditionsofthetunnel.

8.1.5.2.7tunnelfinishes

Theinteriorfinishofatunnelisveryimportanttotheoveralltunnelfunction.Thefinishesmustmeetthefollowingstandardstoensuretunnelsafetyandeaseofmaintenance:

Bedesignedtoenhancetunnellightingandvisibility

Befireresistant

Beprecludedfromproducingtoxicfumesduringafire

Beabletoattenuatenoise

Beeasytoclean.

Abriefdescriptionofthetypicaltypesoftunnelfinishesthatexistinhighwaytunnelsisgivenbelow.Transittunnelsoftendonothaveaninteriorfinishbecausethepublicisnotexposedtothetunnelliningexceptasthetunnelapproachesthestationsorportals.

CeramicTile

Thistypeoftunnelfinishisthemostwidelyusedbytunnelowners.Tunnelswithaconcreteorshotcreteinnerliningareconducivetotilepl