第章船舶结构和驾驶台设备.docx

第章船舶结构和驾驶台设备.docx

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第章船舶结构和驾驶台设备

Chapter1theShip’sStructureandBridgeEquipments

Ship’sStructure

Theforemostpartiscalledthebowandtherearmostpartiscalledstern.Whenstandinginashipandfacingthebow，theleft-handsideiscalledportsideandtheright-handsideiscalledthestarboardside.

Allpermanenthousingabovethemaindeckisknownassuperstructure.Attheforeendistheforecastle.Attheafterendisthepoop.

Themainpartofashipisthehull.Thisistheareabetweenthemaindecks，thesidesandthebottom.Itismadeupofframescoveredwithplating.Thehullisdividedupintoanumberofwatertightcompartmentsbydecksandbulkheads.Bulkheadsareverticalsteelwallsgoingacrosstheshipandalong.Decksdividethehullhorizontally.Thosedividingupcargospacesareknownastween-decks.Thehullcontainstheengineroom，cargospaceandanumberoftanks.Indrycargoshipsthecargospaceisdividedintoholds，inliquidcargoshipsitisdividedintotanks.Attheforeendofthehullarethefore-peaktanksandattheafterendtheafterpeaktanks.Theyareusedforfreshwaterandwaterballast.Thespacebetweentheholdsandthebottomofthehullcontainsdoublebottomtanks.Theseareusedforballastwaterandfuel.

第1章船舶结构和

驾驶台设备

船舶结构

船舶最前部分称为船首，最后部分称为船尾。

面向船首站在船上，左手一侧称为左舷，右手一侧称为右舷。

主甲板以上的所有永久性结构称为上层建筑。

在前端是艏楼。

在后部是艉楼。

船舶的主要部分是船体。

这是主甲板、翼板和船底围成的区域。

它是由覆盖有船壳板的肋骨构成的。

船体由甲板和舱壁分成许多水密分舱。

舱壁是纵横竖直钢质围壁。

甲板水平分隔船体。

划分货物空间的甲板称为二层甲板。

船体包括机舱、货物舱位和一些液体舱。

在干货船上，货物舱位被分成货舱，在液货船上货物舱位被分成液货舱。

在船体的首端是艏尖舱，尾端是艉尖舱。

它们是用于装淡水和压载水的。

船体的货舱和船体之间的空间是双层底。

它们是用于装压载水和燃料的。

（bemadeupof…由……构成）

（watertightcompartment水密分舱）

（thefore-peaktank艏尖舱）

（theafterpeaktank艉尖舱）

（doublebottomtank双层底舱）

Themaindeckcoversthecargospacesorholds.Thereareopeningscutinthedeck，andtheseopeningsarethehatches，onetoeachhold.Shipsuseeithercranesorderrickstoliftthecargointotheholdanddischargeit.Aderrickissimplyastrongboom，madeofsteel

orwood，thatcanswingfromsidetoside.Awirefromapowerfulwinchrunsoverablockattheheadofthederrick.It’squiteasimplearrangement.Acraneisusuallyamuchmore

complicatedandexpensivepieceofliftingmachinery.Butalotofshipsarefittedwithcranes.

Theforecastleonashipisasmallextradeckabovethemaindeck，forwardofnumberonehold，rightupinthebows.Itcarriestheanchorsandtheircables.Thewindlassisforraisingandloweringtheanchors.Therearetheportandstarboardcablestoppersontheforecastle.Thecablecomesupfromthecablelockerthroughthespurlingpipe，overthegypsyonthewindlass，throughthestopperanddownthroughthehawse-pipe.Rightforwardoftheforecastleisthejackstaff.

Theforecastleheadiswherethechiefofficerisstationedwhenthevesseliscomingtoaberthoramooring.Thesecondofficerisonthepoop，readytolookafterthesternmooringlinesorhawsers.Inthisway，thetwoendsoftheshipcanbesecuredaspreciselyandquicklyaspossible.Thereisanensignstaffrightaftofthepoop.

Therearetwoopenwingsofthebridge.Theyprojectouttothefullwidthoftheshiponeachside，portandstarboard.Inbetweenisthewheelhouse；that’senclosedforprotectionfromtheweather.Andabovethewheelhouseisthestandardcompassplatform，onegoodmagneticcompassisputthereasfaraspossiblefromtheship’smagneticfield.Andthat’sthecompasstheycallthe“standard”.Thestandardcompassissupposedtohavequitealotlessdeviationerrorthanthemainsteeringcompass.Butactuallyweuseagyrocompassnearlyallthetime.

Thereareseveralpairsofmooringbittsandfairleadfittedwithrollersalongthedeckforwiresandwarps.Therollerfairleadscancutdownchafeandfriction，sotheownersaregladtoreducewearandtear，byusingrollerfairleadsallovertheplace.

Atraditionalgeneralcargoshiphasherengineroomandbridgesuperstructureamidships.Shemayhavethreeholdsforwardofthebridgeandtwoholdsaftofthebridge.Derricksaresupportedbymastsandsamsonposts.Theyaresowedforeandaftwhentheshipisatsea.Thereareenoughlifeboats，ontheportandstarboardsideamidships.

Ashipismadefasttothequaysidebymooringlines.Thestandardmooringlinesconsistofheadline，forwardbreastlineandforwardspringlineandsternline，aftbreastlineandaftspringline.Anyoftheselinesmaybedoubled.Eachlinehasalargeeyesplicedintheend.Theeyeisplacedoverabollardonthequayside.Ifthereisanotherlinealreadyonthebollard，theeyeofthesecondlineshouldbetakenupthroughtheeyeofthefirstlinebeforeplacingitoverthebollard.Thismakesitpossibleforeitherlinetobeletgofirst.

BridgeEquipment

Assoonaspossibleafterjoiningashipandbeforetakingoverthefirstwatch，awatchofficermustbecomefamiliarwithallbridgeandassociatedchartroomequipment，itsuse，operation，capacity，andlimitations.Instructionsandmanualsissuedwiththeequipmentmustbestudiedandcloselyfollowed.Sincemodelsofbridgeequipmentvarywiththemanufacture，thereareavarietyofdifferentoperationalprocedures.

Thebridgeequipmentincludes：

radar；magneticcompass；gyrocompass；theradiodirectionfinder；echosounder；GPSandDGPS；steeringgearandtheautomaticpilot；GMDSSequipments；VHFetc.

1.Radar

Radar（RadioDirectionAndRanging）isamethodtodeterminedistanceanddirectionofobjectsbysendingoutabeamofmicrowaveradioenergyanddetectingthereturnedreflections.TheOOWmustkeepinmindthatradarismoreaccurateasarangingdevicethanasabearingdevice.Radarisatremendousadvantagebothasanavigationaidandasananticollisiondevice.Itcanbeusedinallconditionsofvisibility，butisparticularlyusefulinpoorvisibilityandatnight.FixescanbeobtainedrapidlyandanticollisionsolutionscanprovidetremendouspeaceofmindtotheOOW.Radarcanalsobeusedtolocateandtracksqualllinesandotherheavyweather.Inavoidingcollisionstheimportanceofvisualbearingscannotbeoverstressed.Visualbearingsandradarrangesprovidethebestearlyassessmentofthepossibilityofathreattoavessel.Oneradarmustbeonforearlydetection.Asecondradarshouldbeonatacloserangescale.Rangescalesmustbeappropriateforthecircumstances.WhenapilotisembarkeditisimportantfortheOOWtoensurethatoneradarisavailableforthepilotandtheotherisavailableforthemaster/OOW.TheOOWmustbeawareofthepossibilityofshadowsectorsduetotheship’ssuperstructure.Achangeofcoursecanunveiltheseareasforradardetection.

Nomatterhowgoodaradaris，itsvalueasanaidwillbeentirelydependentuponthepersonwhooperateit.TheOOWmustbefullyconversantwiththeradar’scapabilitiesandlimitationsinordertounderstandandinterprettheradarpicturecorrectly.Itisimportanttocarryoutradarpracticeinclearweatherwheneverpossibleinordertoobtaintheconfidenceandroutinethatisnecessaryforproperuseofradarinrestrictedvisibility.

Informationobtainedfromtheradarmustbeusedsothatearlystepscanbetakentopreventanyriskofcollisionfromarising.TheuseofradardoesnotunderanycircumstancerelievethenavigatoroftheobligationtomaneuverinaseamanlikemanneraccordingtotheprovisionsofRules.

Asradarbecomemoreautomated，itwillbeevenmoreimportantforwatchofficerstokeepabreastbycontinuingeducationandexperienceinprofessionalpractice.

2.GPSandDGPS

Aglobalnavigationsatellitesystemisasatellitesystemthatprovidesshipsfittedwithsuitablereceiverswithameansofobtainingcontinuousworldwideposition，timeandspeedinformation.TheGlobalPositioningSystem（GPS）orNavstaroperatedbytheUnitedStatesandtheGlobalNavigationSatelliteSystem（GLONASS）operatedbytheRussianFederationarecurrentlyavailableforcivilianuseonships.GPSofferscommercialusersaglobalpositioningcapabilitywithaccuracyoftheorderof100metres.DifferentialGPS（DGPS）receiversapplycorrectionstorawGPSsignalsdeterminedandtransmittedbyterrestrialmonitoringstations.DifferentialsignalscanbetransmittedtoshipsviasatellitesorusingHFradiolinks.WithinDGPScoverage，positionalaccuracyoftheorderof10metresatthereceiverantennaispossible.

3.EchoSounder（Fathometer）

Thisinstrumentproducesanunderwatersoundpulseandmeasurestheelapsedtimeuntilreturnofanechowhichisreceivedbyamicrophone.Thedepth，infeet，meters，orfathoms，isinterpretedaccordingtoanequation（depth=speed×1/2timeintervalbetweensoundpulseandecho）andthendisplayedonanindicator.Displaysincluderotaryflashinglight，electricalmeter，digitalreadout，orbottomprofile.Whateverthedisplay，itisessentialthattheOOWbecertainwhatunitofmeasureandrangeisbeingused.Thisinstrumentshouldbeusedwhenevertheshipnavigateinwaterswherethedepthsmakeitserviceableandwherethesafenavigationoftheshiprequiresit.

Wheretheshipcarriesadepthrecorderwithanalarm，theechosoundershouldbeusedwhennavigatinginnarrowwatersandinallothercircumstanceswherethedepthofwatermakesitausefulaidthatmayincreasethesafenavigationoftheship.

Theechosounderisnotusedtoitsmaximumcapabilityaboardthebridgesofmostmerchantvessels.Itcanbeveryusefulinanapproachtoportorwhenmakingalandfallwheretherearedistinctdepthcontours，suchasthe100-fathomcurve，thatcangiveanOOWanexcellentlineofposition（LOP）.ThisLOPcanbeutilizedwithacelestialLOP，visualbearing，and/orradarrangetoprovideanexcellentfix.Inaddition，alineofsoundingsmaybeusedasaaidindeterminingavessel’spositio