语言学教程第四版答案.docx

语言学教程第四版答案.docx

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语言学教程第四版答案

语言学教程第四版答案

【篇一：

《语言学教程》测试题答案】

xt>i.

1~5baccc6~10bacac

ii.11~15fftff16~20fffff

iii.

21.verbal22.productivity/creativity23.metalingualfunction24.yo-he-ho

25.scientific26.descriptive27.speech28.diachroniclinguistic

29.langue30.competence

iv.

31.designfeature:

itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifference

betweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.

32.displacement:

itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsand

concepts,whicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication.

33.competence:

itisanessentialpartofperformance.itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorher

language;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.

atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.

34.synchroniclinguistics:

itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.thetime

studiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchaslatin.synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.

v.

35.dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofa

smallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,

around48inthecaseoftheenglishlanguage.andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbe

astronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoform

unlimitednumberoftexts.mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureof

humanlanguage.

iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhich

willbehighlylimited.itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,

whicharedistinctinmeaning.

36.itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.thus,

definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.

vi.

37.itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:

exhaustiveness,consistency,economyand

objectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:

formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainstthe

observablefacts–cometoaconclusion.

第二章：

语音参考答案

i

1~5acdaa6~10dbabb

ii.11~15tttff16~20tttff

iii.

21.voiced,voiceless,voiced22.friction23.tongue24.height

25.obstruction26.minimalpairs27.diphthongs28.co-articulation

29.phonemes30.airstream

iv.

31.soundassimilation:

speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluence

oftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeach

otherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.

32.suprasegmentalfeature:

thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled

suprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.

33.complementarydistribution:

thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesame

phoneticcontext.whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

34.distinctivefeatures:

itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.ifwecan

groupthephonemesintotwocategories:

onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.

v.

35.acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.whenaspeechsound

isproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances（soundwaves）.variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.

36.whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.sounds

producedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.

vi.37.omit.

第三章：

词汇参考答案

i

1~5aacbb6~10bcadb

ii.11~15ftftt16~20ftfff

iii.

21.initialism,acronym22.vocabulary23.solid,hyphenated,open24.morpheme

25.close,open26.back-formation27.conversion28.morpheme

29.derivative,compound30.affix,boundroot

iv.

31.blending:

itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthe

meaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast（news+broadcast）,brunch（breakfast+lunch）

32.allomorph:

itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoining

sounds.

33.close-classword:

itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.pronouns,prepositions,

conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.

34.morphologicalrule:

itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoform

anewword,e.g.–lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.

vi.

37.

（1）c

（2）a（3）e（4）d（5）b

第四章：

句法参考答案

i

1~5dcddd6~10addba

ii.11~15ttttf16~20ftftt

iii.

21.simple22.sentence23.subject24.predicate

25.complex26.embedded27.open28.adjacency

29.parameters30.case

iv.

31.syntax:

syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesina

language,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.

32.icanalysis:

immediateconstituentanalysis,icanalysisforshort,referstotheanalysisofasentencein

termsofitsimmediateconstituents–wordgroups（phrases）,whichareinturnanalyzedintothe

immediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimatesakeofconvenience.

33.hierarchicalstructure:

itisthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsand

showsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasnp,vpandpp.

34.tracetheory:

afterthemovementofanelementinasentencetherewillbeatraceleftintheoriginal

position.thisisthenotiontraceint-ggrammar.it’ssuggestedthatifwehavethenotiontrace,allthenecessaryinformationforsemanticinterpretationmaycomefromthesurfacestructure.e.g.the

passivedamsarebuiltbybeavers.differsfromtheactivebeaversbuiltdams.inimplyingthatalldamsarebuiltbybeavers.ifweaddatraceelementrepresentedbythelettertafterbuiltinthepassiveasdamsarebuilttbybeavers,thenthedeepstructureinformationthattheworddamswasoriginallytheobjectofbuiltisalsocapturedbythesurfacestructure.tracetheoryprovestobenotonlytheoreticallysignificantbutalsoempiricallyvalid.

v.

35.anendocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproaching

equivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecenter,orhead,ofthewhole.atypical

exampleisthethreesmallchildrenwithchildrenasitshead.theexocentricconstruction,oppositetothefirsttype,isdefinednegativelyasaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.prepositionalphrasallikeontheshelfaretypicalexamplesofthistype.

36.

（1）more|beautifulflowers

（2）morebeautiful|flowers

第五章：

意义参考答案

i

1~5abddb6~10cacda

ii.11~15fftft16~20tfttt

iii.

21.semantics22.direct23.reference24.synonyms25.homophones

26.relational27.componential28.selectional29.argument30.naming

iv.

31.entailment:

itisbasicallyasemanticrelation（orlogicalimplication）,anditcanbeclarifiedwith

thefollowingsentences:

a.tomdivorcedjane.

b.janewastom’swife.

intermsoftruthvalue,thefollowingrelationshipsexistbetweenthesetwosentences:

whenaistrue,

bmustbealsotrue;whenbisfalse,amustalsobefalse.whenbistrue,amaybetrueorfalse.

thereforewecansayaentailsb.

32.proposition:

itistheresultoftheabstractionofsentences,whicharedescriptionsofstatesofaffairsand

whichsomewritersseeasabasicelementofsentencemeaning.forexample,thetwosentences

“caesarinvadedgaul”and“gaulwasinvadedbycaesar”holdthesameproposition.

33.compositionalanalysis:

itdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents,or

semanticfeatures.forexample,themeaningofthewordboymaybeanalyzedintothreecomponents:

human,youngandmale.similarlygirlmaybeanalyzedintohuman,youngand

female.

34.reference:

itiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationship

betweentheformandthereality.

v.

35.hyponymy,metonymyorpart-wholerelationship

36.（omit.）

vi.

37.

（1）the（a）wordsand（b）wordsaremale.

the（a）wordsarehuman,whilethe（b）wordsarenon-human.

（2）the（a）wordsand（b）wordsareinanimate.

the（a）wordsareinstrumental,whilethe（b）wordsareedible.

（3）the（a）wordsand（b）wordsareworldlyorconceptual.

the（a）wordsarematerial,whilethe（b）wordsarespiritual.

第七章：

语言、文化和社会参考答案

i

1~5bcaac6~10dacad

ii.11~15ftfff16~20tftff

iii.

21.community22.var