语言学教程第四版答案.docx

1、语言学教程第四版答案语言学教程第四版答案【篇一：语言学教程测试题答案】xti. 15 b a c c c610 b a c a c ii.1115 f f t f f 1620 f f f f f iii. 21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity 23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho 25. scientific26. descriptive 27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic 29. langue 30. competence iv. 31. design feature:

2、it refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. 32. displacement: it means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at th

3、e moment of communication. 33. competence: it is an essential part of performance. it is the speakers knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. moreover, the knowledge involved in com

4、petence is generally unconscious. a transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence. 34. synchronic linguistics: it refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. the time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be m

5、ade of dead languages, such as latin. synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time. v. 35. duality makes our language productive. a large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements for instance, tens of

6、 thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the english language. and out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. most animal communication systems do

7、not have this design feature of human language. if language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. it cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words, which are distinct in meaning. 36. it is difficult to defi

8、ne language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations. vi. 37. it should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity and foll

9、ow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis collect data check against the observable facts come to a conclusion. 第二章：语音参考答案 i 15 a c d a a610 d b a b b ii.1115 t t t f f 1620 t t t f f iii. 21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction23. tongue 24. height 25. obstruction26. minimal pairs27. diphthon

10、gs 28. co-articulation 29. phonemes30. air stream iv. 31. sound assimilation: speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. in connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. sometimes two neighboring sounds influence eachother and are replaced by a third sound whi

11、ch is different from both original sounds. this process is called sound assimilation. 32. suprasegmental feature: the phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and th

12、e sentence. the main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone. 33. complementary distribution: the different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. when two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are sa

13、id to be in complementary distribution. 34. distinctive features: it refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. if we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature. v. 35. acoustic phon

14、etics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. when a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves. 36. when the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs pass

15、es between them unimpeded. sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants p, s, t are produced in this way. but when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. sounds produced in this

16、way are described as voiced. b, z, d are voiced consonants. vi. 37.omit. 第三章：词汇 参考答案 i 15 a a c b b610 b c a d b ii. 1115 f t f t t1620 f t f f f iii. 21. initialism, acronym 22. vocabulary 23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme 25. close, open 26. back-formation 27. conversion 28. morpheme 29. de

17、rivative, compound 30. affix, bound root iv. 31. blending: it is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (b

18、reakfast + lunch) 32. allomorph: it is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. 33. close-class word: it is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words. 34. morphological ru

19、le: it is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective. vi . 37. (1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) b 第四章：句法参考答案 i 15 d c d d d 610 a d d b a ii. 1115 t t t t f1620 f t f t t iii. 21. simple 22. sentence 23. subj

20、ect24. predicate 25. complex 26. embedded 27. open28. adjacency29. parameters 30. case iv. 31. syntax: syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. 32. ic analysis: immediate constituent analysis,

21、 ic analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience. 33. hierarchical structure: it is the se

22、ntence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as np, vp and pp. 34. trace theory: after the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the original position. this is the notion trace in t-

23、g grammar. its suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. e.g. the passive dams are built by beavers. differs from the active beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. if we add

24、a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but

25、 also empirically valid. v. 35. an endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. a typical example is the three small children with children as its head. the ex

26、ocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type. 36. (1) more | beautiful flowers(2) more beautiful | flo

27、wers 第五章：意义参考答案 i 15 a b d d b 610 c a c d a ii. 1115 f f t f t 1620 t f t t t iii. 21. semantics 22. direct 23. reference 24. synonyms 25.homophones 26. relational27. componential 28. selectional 29. argument 30. naming iv. 31. entailment: it is basically a semantic relation (or logical implication

28、), and it can be clarified with the following sentences: a. tom divorced jane. b. jane was toms wife. in terms of truth value, the following relationships exist between these two sentences: when a is true, b must be also true; when b is false, a must also be false. when b is true, a may be true or f

29、alse. therefore we can say a entails b. 32. proposition: it is the result of the abstraction of sentences, which are descriptions of states of affairs and which some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning. for example, the two sentences “caesar invaded gaul” and “gaul was invaded by caes

30、ar” hold the same proposition. 33. compositional analysis: it defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semantic features. for example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: human, young and male. similarly girl may be analyzed into hum

31、an, young and female. 34. reference: it is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality. v.35. hyponymy, metonymy or part-whole relationship 36. (omit.) vi. 37. (1)the (a) words and (b) words are male. the (a) words are human

32、, while the (b) words are non-human. (2)the (a) words and (b) words are inanimate. the (a) words are instrumental, while the (b) words are edible. (3)the (a) words and (b) words are worldly or conceptual. the (a) words are material, while the (b) words are spiritual. 第七章：语言、文化和社会参考答案 i 15 b c a a c 610 d a c a d ii. 1115 f t f f f 1620 t f t f f iii. 21. community22. var