智能卡外文翻译文献.docx

智能卡外文翻译文献.docx

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智能卡外文翻译文献

中英文资料翻译

Introductionofsmartcard

Asmartcard,chipcard,orintegratedcircuitcard（ICC）,isinanypocket-sizedcardwithembeddedintegratedcircuitswhichcanprocessdata.Thisimpliesthatitcanreceiveinputwhichisprocessed—bywayoftheICCapplications—anddeliveredasanoutput.TherearetwobroadcategoriesofICCs.Memorycardscontainonlynon-volatilememorystoragecomponents,andperhapssomespecificsecuritylogic.Microprocessorcardscontainvolatilememoryandmicroprocessorcomponents.Thecardismadeofplastic,generallyPVC,butsometimesABS.Thecardmayembedahologramtoavoidcounterfeiting.Usingsmartcardsalsoisaformofstrongsecurityauthenticationforsinglesign-onwithinlargecompaniesandorganizations.

●Overview

A"smartcard"isalsocharacterizedasfollows:

◆Dimensionsarenormallycreditcardsize.TheID-1ofISO/IEC7810standarddefinesthemas85.60×53.98mm.AnotherpopularsizeisID-000whichis25×15mm（commonlyusedinSIMcards）.Bothare0.76mmthick.

◆Containsasecuritysystemwithtamper-resistantproperties（e.g.asecurecryptoprocessor,securefilesystem,human-readablefeatures）andiscapableofprovidingsecurityservices（e.g.confidentialityofinformationinthememory）.

◆Assetmanagedbywayofacentraladministrationsystemwhichinterchangesinformationandconfigurationsettingswiththecardthroughthesecuritysystem.Thelatterincludescardhotlisting,updatesforapplicationdata.

◆Carddataistransferredtothecentraladministrationsystemthroughcardreadingdevices,suchasticketreaders,ATMsetc.

●Benefits

Smartcardscanbeusedforidentification,authentication,anddatastorage.[1]

Smartcardsprovideameansofeffectingbusinesstransactionsinaflexible,secure,standardwaywithminimalhumanintervention.

Smartcardcanprovidestrongauthentication[2]forsinglesign-onorenterprisesinglesign-ontocomputers,laptops,datawithencryption,enterpriseresourceplanningplatformssuchasSAP,etc.

●History

TheautomatedchipcardwasinventedbyGermanrocketscientistHelmutGröttrupandhiscolleagueJürgenDethloffin1968;thepatentwasfinallyapprovedin1982.ThefirstmassuseofthecardswasforpaymentinFrenchpayphones,startingin1983（Telecarte）.

RolandMorenoactuallypatentedhisfirstconceptofthememorycardin1974.In1977,MichelUgonfromHoneywellBullinventedthefirstmicroprocessorsmartcard.In1978,BullpatentedtheSPOM（SelfProgrammableOne-chipMicrocomputer）thatdefinesthenecessaryarchitecturetoauto-programthechip.Threeyearslater,theveryfirst"CP8"basedonthispatentwasproducedbyMotorola.Atthattime,Bullhad1200patentsrelatedtosmartcards.In2001,BullsolditsCP8DivisiontogetherwithallitspatentstoSchlumberger.Subsequently,SchlumbergercombineditssmartcarddepartmentandCP8andcreatedAxalto.In2006,AxaltoandGemplus,atthetimetheworld'sno.2andno.1smartcardmanufacturers,mergedandbecameGemalto.

Asmartcard,combiningcreditcardanddebitcardproperties.The3by5mmsecuritychipembeddedinthecardisshownenlargedintheinset.Thecontactpadsonthecardenableselectronicaccesstothechip.ThesecondusewaswiththeintegrationofmicrochipsintoallFrenchdebitcards（CarteBleue）completedin1992.WhenpayinginFrancewithaCarteBleue,oneinsertsthecardintothemerchant'sterminal,thentypesthePIN,beforethetransactionisaccepted.Onlyverylimitedtransactions（suchaspayingsmallautoroutetolls）areacceptedwithoutPIN.

Smart-card-basedelectronicpursesystems（inwhichvalueisstoredonthecardchip,notinanexternallyrecordedaccount,sothatmachinesacceptingthecardneednonetworkconnectivity）weretriedthroughoutEuropefromthemid-1990s,mostnotablyinGermany（Geldkarte）,Austria（Quick）,Belgium（Proton）,France（Moneo）,theNetherlands（ChipknipandChipper）,Switzerland（"Cash"）,Norway（"Mondex"）,Sweden（"Cash"）,Finland（"Avant"）,UK（"Mondex"）,Denmark（"Danmønt"）andPortugal（"Porta-moedasMultibanco"）.

Themajorboominsmartcardusecameinthe1990s,withtheintroductionofthesmart-card-basedSIMusedinGSMmobilephoneequipmentinEurope.WiththeubiquityofmobilephonesinEurope,smartcardshavebecomeverycommon.

TheinternationalpaymentbrandsMasterCard,Visa,andEuropayagreedin1993toworktogethertodevelopthespecificationsfortheuseofsmartcardsinpaymentcardsusedaseitheradebitoracreditcard.ThefirstversionoftheEMVsystemwasreleasedin1994.In1998astablereleaseofthespecificationswasavailable.EMVco,thecompanyresponsibleforthelong-termmaintenanceofthesystem,upgradedthespecificationin2000andmostrecentlyin2004.ThegoalofEMVcoistoassurethevariousfinancialinstitutionsandretailersthatthespecificationsretainbackwardcompatibilitywiththe1998version.

WiththeexceptionofcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesofAmericatherehasbeensignificantprogressinthedeploymentofEMV-compliantpointofsaleequipmentandtheissuanceofdebitandorcreditcardsadheringtheEMVspecifications.Typically,acountry'snationalpaymentassociation,incoordinationwithMasterCardInternational,VisaInternational,AmericanExpressandJCB,developdetailedimplementationplansassuringacoordinatedeffortbythevariousstakeholdersinvolved.

ThebackersofEMVclaimitisaparadigmshiftinthewayonelooksatpaymentsystems.Incountrieswherebanksdonotcurrentlyofferasinglecardcapableofsupportingmultipleaccounttypes,theremaybemerittothisstatement.Thoughsomebanksinthesecountriesareconsideringissuingonecardthatwillserveasbothadebitcardandasacreditcard,thebusinessjustificationforthisisstillquiteelusive.WithinEMVaconceptcalledApplicationSelectiondefineshowtheconsumerselectswhichmeansofpaymenttoemployforthatpurchaseatthepointofsale.

Forthebanksinterestedinintroducingsmartcardstheonlyquantifiablebenefitistheabilitytoforecastasignificantreductioninfraud,inparticularcounterfeit,lostandstolen.Thecurrentleveloffraudacountryisexperiencing,coupledwithwhetherthatcountry'slawsassigntheriskoffraudtotheconsumerorthebank,determinesifthereisabusinesscaseforthefinancialinstitutions.SomecriticsclaimthatthesavingsarefarlessthanthecostofimplementingEMV,andthusmanybelievethattheUSApaymentsindustrywillopttowaitoutthecurrentEMVlifecycleinordertoimplementnew,contactlesstechnology.

Smartcardswithcontactlessinterfacesarebecomingincreasinglypopularforpaymentandticketingapplicationssuchasmasstransit.VisaandMasterCardhaveagreedtoaneasy-to-implementversioncurrentlybeingdeployed（2004-2006）intheUSA.Acrosstheglobe,contactlessfarecollectionsystemsarebeingimplementedtodriveefficienciesinpublictransit.Thevariousstandardsemergingarelocalinfocusandarenotcompatible,thoughtheMIFAREStandardcardfromPhilipshasaconsiderablemarketshareintheUSandEurope.

Smartcardsarealsobeingintroducedinpersonalidentificationandentitlementschemesatregional,national,andinternationallevels.Citizencards,drivers’licenses,andpatientcardschemesarebecomingmoreprevalent;ForexampleinMalaysia,thecompulsorynationalIDschemeMyKadincludes8differentapplicationsandisrolledoutfor18millionusers.ContactlesssmartcardsarebeingintegratedintoICAObiometricpassportstoenhancesecurityforinternationaltravel.

●Contactsmartcard

Contactsmartcardshaveacontactarea,comprisingseveralgold-platedcontactpads,thatisabout1cmsquare.Wheninsertedintoareader,thechipmakescontactwithelectricalconnectorsthatcanreadinformationfromthechipandwriteinformationback.[3]

TheISO/IEC7816andISO/IEC7810seriesofstandardsdefine:

◆thephysicalshape

◆thepositionsandshapesoftheelectricalconnectors

◆theelectricalcharacteristics

◆thecommunicationsprotocols,thatincludestheformatofthecommandssenttothecardandtheresponsesreturnedbythecard.

◆robustnessofthecard

thefunctionality

Thecardsdonotcontainbatteries;energyissuppliedbythecardreader.

Electricalsignalsdescription

◆AsmartcardpinoutVCC:

Powersupplyinput

◆RST:

Eitheruseditself（resetsignalsuppliedfromtheinterfacedevice）orincombinationwithaninternalresetcontrolcircuit（optionalusebythecard）.Ifinternalresetisimplemented,thevoltagesupplyonVccismandatory.

◆CLK:

Clockingortimingsignal（optionalusebythecard）.

◆GND:

Ground（referencevoltage）.

◆VPP:

Programmingvoltageinput（deprecated/optionalusebythecard）.

◆I/O:

InputorOutputforserialdatatotheintegratedcircuitinsidethecard.

◆NOTE-Theuseofthetworemainingcontactswillbedefinedintheappropriateapplicationstandards.

●Reader

Contactsmartcardreadersareusedasacommunicationsmediumbetweenthesmartcardandahost,e.g.acomputer,apointofsaleterminal,oramobiletelephone.

SincethechipsinthefinancialcardsarethesameasthoseusedformobilephoneSubscriberIdentityModule（SIM）cards,justprogrammeddifferentlyandembeddedinadifferentshapedpieceofPVC,thechipmanufacturersarebuildingtothemoredemandingGSM/3Gstandards.So,forinstance,althoughEMVallowsachipcardtodraw50mAfromitsterminal,cardsarenormallywellinsidethetelephoneindustry's6mAlimit.Thisisallowingfinancialcardterminalstobecomesmallerandcheaper,andmovesareafoottoequipeveryhomePCwithacardreaderandsoftwareto