智能卡外文翻译文献.docx

1、智能卡外文翻译文献中英文资料翻译Introduction of smart cardA smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC), is in any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits which can process data. This implies that it can receive input which is processed by way of the ICC applications and delivered as an outp

2、ut. There are two broad categories of ICCs. Memory cards contain only non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps some specific security logic. Microprocessor cards contain volatile memory and microprocessor components. The card is made of plastic, generally PVC, but sometimes ABS. The card

3、may embed a hologram to avoid counterfeiting. Using smartcards also is a form of strong security authentication for single sign-on within large companies and organizations. Overview A smart card is also characterized as follows: Dimensions are normally credit card size. The ID-1 of ISO/IEC 7810 stan

4、dard defines them as 85.60 53.98 mm. Another popular size is ID-000 which is 25 15 mm (commonly used in SIM cards). Both are 0.76 mm thick. Contains a security system with tamper-resistant properties (e.g. a secure cryptoprocessor, secure file system, human-readable features) and is capable of provi

5、ding security services (e.g. confidentiality of information in the memory). Asset managed by way of a central administration system which interchanges information and configuration settings with the card through the security system. The latter includes card hotlisting, updates for application data.

6、Card data is transferred to the central administration system through card reading devices, such as ticket readers, ATMs etc. Benefits Smart cards can be used for identification, authentication, and data storage.1 Smart cards provide a means of effecting business transactions in a flexible, secure,

7、standard way with minimal human intervention. Smart card can provide strong authentication2 for single sign-on or enterprise single sign-on to computers, laptops, data with encryption, enterprise resource planning platforms such as SAP, etc. History The automated chip card was invented by German roc

8、ket scientist Helmut Grttrup and his colleague Jrgen Dethloff in 1968; the patent was finally approved in 1982. The first mass use of the cards was for payment in French pay phones, starting in 1983 (Telecarte). Roland Moreno actually patented his first concept of the memory card in 1974. In 1977, M

9、ichel Ugon from Honeywell Bull invented the first microprocessor smart card. In 1978, Bull patented the SPOM (Self Programmable One-chip Microcomputer) that defines the necessary architecture to auto-program the chip. Three years later, the very first CP8 based on this patent was produced by Motorol

10、a. At that time, Bull had 1200 patents related to smart cards. In 2001, Bull sold its CP8 Division together with all its patents to Schlumberger. Subsequently, Schlumberger combined its smart card department and CP8 and created Axalto. In 2006, Axalto and Gemplus, at the time the worlds no.2 and no.

11、1 smart card manufacturers, merged and became Gemalto. A smart card, combining credit card and debit card properties. The 3 by 5 mm security chip embedded in the card is shown enlarged in the inset. The contact pads on the card enables electronic access to the chip.The second use was with the integr

12、ation of microchips into all French debit cards (Carte Bleue) completed in 1992. When paying in France with a Carte Bleue, one inserts the card into the merchants terminal, then types the PIN, before the transaction is accepted. Only very limited transactions (such as paying small autoroute tolls) a

13、re accepted without PIN. Smart-card-based electronic purse systems (in which value is stored on the card chip, not in an externally recorded account, so that machines accepting the card need no network connectivity) were tried throughout Europe from the mid-1990s, most notably in Germany (Geldkarte)

14、, Austria (Quick), Belgium (Proton), France (Moneo), the Netherlands (Chipknip and Chipper), Switzerland (Cash), Norway (Mondex), Sweden (Cash), Finland (Avant), UK (Mondex), Denmark (Danmnt) and Portugal (Porta-moedas Multibanco). The major boom in smart card use came in the 1990s, with the introdu

15、ction of the smart-card-based SIM used in GSM mobile phone equipment in Europe. With the ubiquity of mobile phones in Europe, smart cards have become very common. The international payment brands MasterCard, Visa, and Europay agreed in 1993 to work together to develop the specifications for the use

16、of smart cards in payment cards used as either a debit or a credit card. The first version of the EMV system was released in 1994. In 1998 a stable release of the specifications was available. EMVco, the company responsible for the long-term maintenance of the system, upgraded the specification in 2

17、000 and most recently in 2004. The goal of EMVco is to assure the various financial institutions and retailers that the specifications retain backward compatibility with the 1998 version. With the exception of countries such as the United States of America there has been significant progress in the

18、deployment of EMV-compliant point of sale equipment and the issuance of debit and or credit cards adhering the EMV specifications. Typically, a countrys national payment association, in coordination with MasterCard International, Visa International, American Express and JCB, develop detailed impleme

19、ntation plans assuring a coordinated effort by the various stakeholders involved. The backers of EMV claim it is a paradigm shift in the way one looks at payment systems. In countries where banks do not currently offer a single card capable of supporting multiple account types, there may be merit to

20、 this statement. Though some banks in these countries are considering issuing one card that will serve as both a debit card and as a credit card, the business justification for this is still quite elusive. Within EMV a concept called Application Selection defines how the consumer selects which means

21、 of payment to employ for that purchase at the point of sale. For the banks interested in introducing smart cards the only quantifiable benefit is the ability to forecast a significant reduction in fraud, in particular counterfeit, lost and stolen. The current level of fraud a country is experiencin

22、g, coupled with whether that countrys laws assign the risk of fraud to the consumer or the bank, determines if there is a business case for the financial institutions. Some critics claim that the savings are far less than the cost of implementing EMV, and thus many believe that the USA payments indu

23、stry will opt to wait out the current EMV life cycle in order to implement new, contactless technology. Smart cards with contactless interfaces are becoming increasingly popular for payment and ticketing applications such as mass transit. Visa and MasterCard have agreed to an easy-to-implement versi

24、on currently being deployed (2004-2006) in the USA. Across the globe, contactless fare collection systems are being implemented to drive efficiencies in public transit. The various standards emerging are local in focus and are not compatible, though the MIFARE Standard card from Philips has a consid

25、erable market share in the US and Europe. Smart cards are also being introduced in personal identification and entitlement schemes at regional, national, and international levels. Citizen cards, drivers licenses, and patient card schemes are becoming more prevalent; For example in Malaysia, the comp

26、ulsory national ID scheme MyKad includes 8 different applications and is rolled out for 18 million users. Contactless smart cards are being integrated into ICAO biometric passports to enhance security for international travel. Contact smart card Contact smart cards have a contact area, comprising se

27、veral gold-plated contact pads, that is about 1 cm square. When inserted into a reader, the chip makes contact with electrical connectors that can read information from the chip and write information back.3 The ISO/IEC 7816 and ISO/IEC 7810 series of standards define: the physical shape the position

28、s and shapes of the electrical connectors the electrical characteristics the communications protocols, that includes the format of the commands sent to the card and the responses returned by the card. robustness of the card the functionality The cards do not contain batteries; energy is supplied by

29、the card reader. Electrical signals description A smart card pinoutVCC : Power supply input RST : Either used itself (reset signal supplied from the interface device) or in combination with an internal reset control circuit (optional use by the card). If internal reset is implemented, the voltage su

30、pply on Vcc is mandatory. CLK : Clocking or timing signal (optional use by the card). GND : Ground (reference voltage). VPP : Programming voltage input (deprecated / optional use by the card). I/O : Input or Output for serial data to the integrated circuit inside the card. NOTE - The use of the two

31、remaining contacts will be defined in the appropriate application standards. Reader Contact smart card readers are used as a communications medium between the smart card and a host, e.g. a computer, a point of sale terminal, or a mobile telephone. Since the chips in the financial cards are the same

32、as those used for mobile phone Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards, just programmed differently and embedded in a different shaped piece of PVC, the chip manufacturers are building to the more demanding GSM/3G standards. So, for instance, although EMV allows a chip card to draw 50 mA from its terminal, cards are normally well inside the telephone industrys 6mA limit. This is allowing financial card terminals to become smaller and cheaper, and moves are afoot to equip every home PC with a card reader and software to