专题04高考英语真题分类拔高练习阅读理解解析版.docx

专题04高考英语真题分类拔高练习阅读理解解析版.docx

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专题04高考英语真题分类拔高练习阅读理解解析版

科普环保类

2021高考英语真题分类拔高练习04

1.（2019·天津）阅读理解

   Howdoesanecosystem（生态系统）work?

Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?

Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?

Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.

   Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,forinstance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator（掠食动物）alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey（猎物）,thetwospeciesarestronglylinked;whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinction（灭绝）ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.

   Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies---includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.

   Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.

   Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey,scientistssaysbecauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint（临界点）,itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.

（1）Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs？

A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.

B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.

C.Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.

D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.

（2）Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator______.

A.hasawidefoodchoice

B.caneasilyfindnewprey

C.stickstoonepreyspecies

D.canquicklymovetoanotherplace

（3）Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline？

A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.

B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.

C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.

D.Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.

（4）WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4？

A.Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.

B.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.

C.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.

D.Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.

（5）Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance？

A.Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.

B.Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.

C.Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.

D.Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.

【答案】

（1）B

（2）C（3）D（4）A（5）D

【解析】一个生态系统如何工作?

是什么造就了不同物种的种群数量?

为什么苍蝇这么多，狼却这么少?

为了找到答案，科学家们建立了食物网的数学模型，记录了谁吃谁以及吃多少。

通过这样的模型，科学家们发现了在食物网中起作用的一些关键原理。

例如，大多数食物网是由许多薄弱环节组成的，而不是由一些强环节组成的。

当捕食者总是吃大量的一个猎物,这两个物种息息相关;当捕食者捕食不同的物种时，它们之间的联系是微弱的。

食物网可能由许多薄弱环节主导，因为从长远来看，这种安排更稳定。

如果捕食者可以转移到另一个更容易找到的物种上，当一个猎物变得稀有时，这种转换使原来的猎物得以恢复。

因此，这些薄弱的环节可能会阻止物种间的相互灭绝。

（1）考查细节理解。

根据第二段中的“Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.”可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。

故选B。

（2）考查细节理解。

根据第二段中的“Whenapredator（掠食动物）alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey（猎物），thetwospeciesarestronglylinked”可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，这两个物种是紧密相连的。

故选C。

（3）考查推理判断。

根据第三段中的“Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhad,asurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack”可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制，由此可推断出，如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。

故选D。

（4）考查推理判断。

根据最后一段中的“Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline”可知，人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃，由此可推断出，不受控制的人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统。

故选A。

（5）考查细节理解。

根据最后一段中的“Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warmingsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.”可知，早期变暖系统发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态平衡。

故选D。

2.（2019·全国卷Ⅲ）阅读理解

   Monkeysseemtohaveawaywithnumbers.

   AteamofresearcherstrainedthreeRhesusmonkeystoassociate26clearlydifferentsymbolsconsistingofnumbersandselectiveletterswith0-25dropsofwaterorjuiceasareward.Theresearchersthentestedhowthemonkeyscombined—oradded—thesymbolstogetthereward.

   Here'showHarvardMedicalSchoolscientistMargaretLivingstone,wholedtheteam,describedtheexperiment:

Intheircagesthemonkeyswereprovidedwithtouchscreens.Ononepartofthescreen,asymbolwouldappear,andontheothersidetwosymbolsinsideacirclewereshown.Forexample,thenumber7wouldflashononesideofthescreenandtheotherendwouldhave9and8.Ifthemonkeystouchedtheleftsideofthescreentheywouldberewardedwithsevendropsofwaterorjuice;iftheywentforthecircle,theywouldberewardedwiththesumofthenumbers—17inthisexample.

   Afterrunninghundredsoftests,theresearchersnotedthatthemonkeyswouldgoforthehighervaluesmorethanhalfthetime,indicatingthattheywereperformingacalculation,notjustmemorizingthevalueofeachcombination.

   Whentheteamexaminedtheresultsoftheexperimentmoreclosely,theynoticedthatthemonkeystendedtounderestimate（低估）asumcomparedwithasinglesymbolwhenthetwowerecloseinvalue—sometimeschoosing,forexample,a13overthesumof8and6.Theunderestimationwassystematic:

Whenaddingtwonumbers,themonkeysalwayspaidattentiontothelargerofthetwo,andthenaddedonlyafraction（小部分）ofthesmallernumbertoit.

   "Thisindicatesthatthereisacertainwayquantityisrepresentedintheirbrains,"Dr.Livingstonesays."Butinthisexperimentwhatthey'redoingispayingmoreattentiontothebignumberthanthelittleone.”

（1）Whatdidtheresearchersdotothemonkeysbeforetestingthem?

A.Theyfedthem.

B.Theynamedthem.

C.Theytrainedthem.

D.Theymeasuredthem.

（2）Howdidthemonkeysgettheirrewardintheexperiment?

A.Bydrawingacircle.

B.Bytouchingascreen.

C.Bywatchingvideos.

D.Bymixingtwodrinks.

（3）WhatdidLivingstone'steamfindaboutthemonkeys?

A.Theycouldperformbasicaddition.

B.Theycouldunderstandsimplewords.

C.Theycouldmemorizenumberseasily.

D.Theycouldholdtheirattentionforlong.

（4）Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?

A.Entertainment.

B.Health.

C.Education.

D.Science.

【答案】

（1）C

（2）B（3）A（4）D

【解析】这是一篇说明文，介绍了哈佛医学院的科学家Margaret Livingstone领导的一个研究团队对猴子进行实验得出的研究结果：

猴子可以进行基本的加法运算。

文章对研究的经过和结论做了介绍和分析。

1.细节理解题。

根据第二段中的“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys…The researches then tested how…”可知，在对这些猴子进行测试之前，研究者们对它们进行了培训。

故答案为C。

（2）细节理解题。

根据第三段中Ifthemonkeystouchedtheleftsideofthescreentheywouldberewardedwithsevendropsofwaterorjuice ；iftheywentforthecircle,theywouldberewardedwiththesumofthenumbers—17inthisexample.可知，当猴子触摸屏幕左边时，它们会得到7滴水或者果汁的奖励；当它们触摸屏幕的另一端（即画着圆圈的部分）时，它们会得到17滴水或果汁的奖励。

由此可知，猴子是通过触摸屏幕得到奖励的。

故答案为B。

（3）推理判断题。

将题干中Livingstone'steam定位在第四段themonkeyswouldgoforthehighervaluesmorethanhalfthetime,indicatingthattheywereperformingacalculation,notjustmemorizingthevalueofeachcombination和第五段中的paidattentiontothelargerofthetwo可知，猴子会在超过一半的时间内选择更高的值，这意味着它们在进行计算，而不仅仅是记住每一个组合的值。

可以推断出：

猴子能够进行基本的加法计算。

故答案为A。

（4）推理判断题。

通读整篇文章可知，该文介绍的是哈佛医学院的科学家Margaret Livingstone领导的一个研究团队对猴子进行实验得出的研究结果。

这属于“科学研究”范畴，故该文应出现在报纸的“科学”板块。

故答案为D。

3.（2019·全国卷Ⅲ）阅读理解

   Beforethe1830s,mostnewspapersweresoldthroughannualsubscriptionsinAmerica,usually$8to$10ayear.Today$8or$10seemsasmallamountofmoney,butatthattimetheseamountswereforbiddingtomostcitizens.Accordingly,newspaperswerereadalmostonlybyrichpeopleinpoliticsorthetrades.Inaddition,mostnewspapershadlittleinthemthatwouldappealtoamassaudience.Theyweredullandvisuallyforbidding.Buttherevolutionthatwastakingplaceinthe1830swouldchangeallthat.

   Thetrend,then,wastowardthe"pennypaper"-atermreferringtopapersmadewidelyavailabletothepublic.Itmeantanyinexpensivenewspaper;perhapsmoreimportantlyitmeantnewspapersthatcouldbeboughtinsinglecopiesonthestreet.

   Thisdevelopmentdidnottakeplaceovernight.Ithadbeenpossible（butnoteasy）tobuysinglecopiesofnewspapersbefore1830,butthisusuallymeantthereaderhadtogodowntotheprinter'sofficetopurchaseacopy.Streetsaleswerealmostunknown.However,withinafewyears,streetsalesofnewspaperswouldbecommonplaceineasterncities.Atfirstthepriceofsinglecopieswasseldomapenny-usuallytwoorthreecentswascharged-andsomeoftheolderwell-knownpaperschargedfiveorsixcents.Butthep