专题04高考英语真题分类拔高练习阅读理解解析版.docx

1、专题04高考英语真题分类拔高练习阅读理解解析版科普环保类2021高考英语真题分类拔高练习041.（2019天津）阅读理解 How does an ecosystem（生态系统）work? What makes the populations of different species the way they are? Why are there so many flies and so few wolves? To find an answer, scientists have built mathematical models of food webs, noting who eats wh

2、om and how much each one eats. With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator（掠食动物）always eats huge numbers of a single prey（猎物）, the two species are stron

3、gly linked; when a predator lives on various species, they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species, it can survive the extinction（灭绝）of one of them. And if a predator can move o

4、n to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction. Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, where small changes of top

5、 predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species-including species they did not directly attack. And unplanned human activities h

6、ave proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean, we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance. Scientists have built an early-w

7、arning system based on mathematical models. Ideally, the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key, scientists says because once ecosystems pass their ti

8、pping point（临界点）, it is remarkably difficult for them to return. （1）What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs？ A.The living habits of species in food webs.B.The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.C.The approaches to studying the species in the ecosyst

9、ems.D.The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.（2）A strong link is found between two species when a predator_. A.has a wide food choiceB.can easily find new preyC.sticks to one prey speciesD.can quickly move to another place（3）What will happen if the populations of top predators in

10、 a food web greatly decline？ A.The prey species they directly attack will die out.B.The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.C.The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.D.The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.（4）What conclusion

11、 can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4？ A.Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.B.Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.C.Species of commercial value dominate other species.D.Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.（5）How does an early-warning system

12、help us maintain the ecological balance？ A.By getting illegal practices under control.B.By stopping us from killing large predators.C.By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.D.By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.【答案】 （1）B（2）C（3）D（4）A（5）D 【解析】一个生态系统如何工作?是什么造就了不同物种的

13、种群数量?为什么苍蝇这么多，狼却这么少?为了找到答案，科学家们建立了食物网的数学模型，记录了谁吃谁以及吃多少。通过这样的模型，科学家们发现了在食物网中起作用的一些关键原理。例如，大多数食物网是由许多薄弱环节组成的，而不是由一些强环节组成的。当捕食者总是吃大量的一个猎物,这两个物种息息相关;当捕食者捕食不同的物种时，它们之间的联系是微弱的。食物网可能由许多薄弱环节主导，因为从长远来看，这种安排更稳定。如果捕食者可以转移到另一个更容易找到的物种上，当一个猎物变得稀有时，这种转换使原来的猎物得以恢复。因此，这些薄弱的环节可能会阻止物种间的相互灭绝。 （1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“With su

14、ch models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.”可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。故选B。 （2）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“When a predator(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物)，the two species are strongly linked”可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，这两个物种是紧密相连的。故选C。 （3）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“In the

15、 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had, a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species they did not directly attack”可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制，由此可推断出，如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。故选D。 （4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“Ideally the

16、 system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline”可知，人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃，由此可推断出，不受控制的人类活动极大地破坏了生态系统。故选A。 （5）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“Scientists have built an early-warming system based on ma

17、thematical models. Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.”可知，早期变暖系统发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态平衡。故选D。2.（2019全国卷）阅读理解 Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers. A

18、team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combinedor addedthe symbols to get the reward. Heres how Harvard Medical S

19、chool scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one

20、side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers17 in this example. After running hundreds of tests, t

21、he researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination. When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended

22、 to underestimate（低估）a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in valuesometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fract

23、ion（小部分）of the smaller number to it. This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, Dr. Livingstone says. But in this experiment what theyre doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”（1）What did the researchers do to the monkeys before

24、 testing them? A.They fed them.B.They named them.C.They trained them.D.They measured them.（2）How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment? A.By drawing a circle.B.By touching a screen.C.By watching videos.D.By mixing two drinks.（3）What did Livingstones team find about the monkeys? A.They c

25、ould perform basic addition.B.They could understand simple words.C.They could memorize numbers easily.D.They could hold their attention for long.（4）In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? A.Entertainment.B.Health.C.Education.D.Science.【答案】 （1）C（2）B（3）A（4）D 【解析】 这是一篇说明文，介绍了哈佛医学院的科学家Marg

26、aretLivingstone领导的一个研究团队对猴子进行实验得出的研究结果：猴子可以进行基本的加法运算。文章对研究的经过和结论做了介绍和分析。 1.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“AteamofresearcherstrainedthreeRhesusmonkeysTheresearchesthentestedhow”可知，在对这些猴子进行测试之前，研究者们对它们进行了培训。故答案为C。 （2）细节理解题。根据第三段中 If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drop

27、s of water or juice； if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers17 in this example. 可知，当猴子触摸屏幕左边时，它们会得到7滴水或者果汁的奖励；当它们触摸屏幕的另一端（即画着圆圈的部分）时，它们会得到17滴水或果汁的奖励。由此可知，猴子是通过触摸屏幕得到奖励的。故答案为B。 （3）推理判断题。将题干中 Living stones team 定位在第四段 the monkeys would go for the higher values m

28、ore than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination 和第五段中的 paid attention to the larger of the two 可知，猴子会在超过一半的时间内选择更高的值，这意味着它们在进行计算，而不仅仅是记住每一个组合的值。可以推断出：猴子能够进行基本的加法计算。故答案为A。 （4）推理判断题。通读整篇文章可知，该文介绍的是哈佛医学院的科学家MargaretLivingston

29、e领导的一个研究团队对猴子进行实验得出的研究结果。这属于“科学研究”范畴，故该文应出现在报纸的“科学”板块。故答案为D。3.（2019全国卷）阅读理解 Before the 1830s, most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. A

30、ccordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that. The trend,

31、 then, was toward the penny paper-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street. This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(

32、but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printers office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the p