为持续创新宏观的知识管制流程Macroprocessofknowledgemanagementforcontinuousinnovation7doc.docx

为持续创新宏观的知识管制流程Macroprocessofknowledgemanagementforcontinuousinnovation7doc.docx

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为持续创新宏观的知识管制流程Macroprocessofknowledgemanagementforcontinuousinnovation7doc

为持续创新宏观的知识管理流程Macroprocessofknowledgemanagementforcontinuousinnovation7

Macroprocessofknowledgemanagementforcontinuousinnovation

JingXu,Re

´myHoussin,EmmanuelCaillaudandMickae¨lGardoniAbstract

Purpose–Thepurposeofthisresearchistoexplorethemechanismsofknowledgemanagement（KM）forinnovationandprovideanapproachforenterprisestoleverageKMactivitiesintocontinuousinnovation.

Design/methodology/approach–Byreviewingtheliteraturefrommultidisciplinaryfields,theconceptsofknowledge,KMandinnovationareinvestigated.Thephysical,humanandtechnologicalperspectivesofKMaredistinguishedwiththeidentificationoftwocoreactivitiesforinnovation:

knowledgecreationandknowledgeusage.Thenanessentialrequirementforcontinuousinnovation–aninternalizationphase–isdefined.Thesystemsthinkingandhuman-centeredperspectivesareadoptedforprovidingacomprehensiveunderstandingaboutthemechanismsofKMforinnovation.

Findings–AnetworkingprocessofcontinuousinnovationbasedonKMisproposedbyincorporatingthephaseofinternalization.Threesourcesoforganizationalknowledgeassetsininnovationareidentified.Then,basedonthetwocoreactivitiesofinnovation,ameta-modelandamacroprocessofKMareproposedtomodelthemechanismsofKMforcontinuousinnovation.Then,inordertooperationalizetheKMmechanisms,ahierarchicalmodelwithfourlayersisconstructedbyintegratingthreesourcesofknowledgeassets,themeta-modelandthemacroprocessintotheprocessofcontinuousinnovation.

Practicalimplications–AccordingtothelessonslearnedaboutKMpracticesinpreviousresearch,thethreeperspectivesofKMshouldcollaboratewithoneanotherforsuccessfulimplementationofKMprojectsforinnovation;thenetworkingprocessofinnovationprovidesanewwaytointegrateKMprocessininnovation;thehierarchicalmodelprovidesasuitablearchitecturetoimplementsystemsofKMforinnovation.

Originality/value–Themeta-modelandmacroprocessofKMexplainhowthenextgenerationofKMcanhelpthevaluecreationandsupportthecontinuousinnovationfromthesystemsthinkingperspective.Thehierarchicalmodelillustratesthecomplicatedknowledgedynamicsintheprocessofcontinuousinnovation.

KeywordsKnowledgemanagement,Innovation,Thinking

PapertypeResearchpaper1.Introduction

Underthefiercecompetition,companiesarecompelledtoinnovateinordertobesuccessfuleventosurviveintheglobalmarket.Itisreportedthatsuccessfulcompaniesproduce75percentofrevenuesfromnewproductsorservicesthatdidnotexistfiveyearsago（Smith,2006）.Thecompetitionbasedonknowledgeandinnovationasaneffectivestrategyishighlyvaluedbycompanies.Therefore,knowledgeandinnovationareconsideredasthecrucialsourcesforsustainingthecompetitiveadvantageofacompany（NonakaandTakeuchi,1995）.Recently,asurveyinKPMG（1998）of100leadingcompaniesinUKhadfoundthatnearlyhalfoftheinvestigatedfirmswereundertakingsomekindofknowledgemanagement（KM）initiativesforpromotingtheircompetitiveperformance.Meanwhile,academicpublicationsaboutKMandinnovationrocketduringthepastdecadesaccordingtothestatisticsofmajordatabasessuchastheProQuestdatabase,ScienceDirectandISIwebofDOI10.1108/136*********059536VOL.14NO.42010,pp.573-591,QEmeraldGroupPublishingLimited,ISSN1367-3270jJOURNALOFKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTjPAGE

573

JingXu,Re´myHoussin,EmmanuelCaillaudandMickae¨lGardoniarebasedattheLaboratoireduGe´niedelaConception,InstitutNationaldesSciencesApplique´esdeStrasbourg,Strasbourg,France.

PortionsoftheresearchinthispaperaresupportedbytheChineseScholarshipCouncil,andtheauthors’partnercompany.Theauthorsappreciatesincerelytheeffortsandcommentsoftheanonymousreviewers.Received:

16October2009

Accepted:

1April2010

science（ScarbroughandSwan,2001;Fagerbergetal.,2005）.KMandinnovationhave

comeintotheforefrontofscientificresearch（Goh,2005）.Consequently,howtoturnthe

availableknowledgeintoprofitableinnovationsandbringthemtothemarketinacontinuous

mannerbecomeamajorconcernbothofindustriesandacademics.

ManyresearchprogramsonKMhavebeencarriedoutfromdifferentpointsofview:

economics,management,technologyandengineering（Liebowitz,1999）.Sinceinnovation

wasfirstintroducedbySchumpeter（1934）,ithasbeenstudiedfromthevarious

perspectivessuchasfromthepointofviewofmanagement（Drucker,1993）,ofcreativity

（Amabile,1996）,oftechnologyevolution（Althshuller,1988）andrecentlyofinformationand

engineeringwithafocusoncomputeraidedinnovation（Leon,2009）.Itisclearthat

knowledgeasanimportantassetsinacompanyshouldbemanagedinordertofostermore

innovation.

OwingtothemultidisciplinarynaturesofKMandinnovation,onlyafewstudiestryto

investigatetheircomplexrelationshipsbutmainlyfromaspecificpoint-of-view.Fromthe

pointofviewofmanagement,Swanandhisresearchfellows（SwanandNewell,2000;Swan,

2007）havecontrastedthreeperspectivesofKMsuchasproduction,processandpractice

fordifferentepisodesofinnovation.Fromthetechnologicalviewpoint,AlaviandLeidner

（2001）arguethatinformationandcommunicationtechnologiescanbeinstrumentaltoKM

processandcatalyzeinnovation.Inthecommunityofcreativityandinnovation,human

creativityandtacitknowledgeareregardedasthemainsourcesofcontinuousinnovation

（NonakaandTakeuchi,1995;KoskinenandVanharanta,2002）.However,thereisalackofa

comprehensiveintegrationofthemechanismsofKMforinnovationfromasystemsthinking

viewpoint（Rubenstein-Montanoetal.,2001;Jungetal.,2007）.

Managingknowledgeforinnovationhasseveraldifficulties（ChapmanandMagnusson,

2006）suchasthereconcilementofperspectivesoninnovationandknowledge,the

heterogeneityanddistributionofknowledgeincompaniesandthebalancebetween

knowledgeexplorationandexploitation.AsKMandinnovationarecloselylinked,these

difficultiesshouldbeinvestigatedfromasystemicpointofview.Thus,thepurposeofthis

studyistoexplorethemechanismsofKMforinnovationfromtheviewpointofsystems

thinkingsothatthecomprehensiveeffectsofKMininnovationprocesscanbeanalyzed.

Insections2and3,themultidisciplinaryliteratureonknowledgeandinnovationhasbeen

reviewedwiththeidentificationoftheircurrentproblemsandtrends.Byseeingknowledge

asaconceptwithmultifacetednature,threeperspectivesofKMaredistinguishedand

comparedandknowledgecreationandusageareproposedascoreactivitiesforinnovation.

Bystudyingthedifferentinnovationprocessesinliterature,anessentialrequirementof

continuousinnovationisidentifiedandtheabsenceofanintegralmodelofKMforinnovation

hasbeenoutlined.Insection4,accordingtoouranalyses,anetworkingprocessof

continuousinnovationthroughKMisconstructedandthefunctioningofanadditionalphase

ofinternalizationisdiscussed.Insection5,threesourcesoforganizationalknowledgeare

distinguished.Theninsection6,KMismodeledbyameta-modelbyfocusingonthe

interactionsofknowledgecreationandusage.AmacroprocessofKMforinnovationisbuilt

byextendingthemeta-modelintotheknowledgelifecyclefromthreeperspectives.Then,in

ordertooperationalizethemechanismsofKMforinnovation,ahierarchicalmodelwithfour

layersisproposedbyintegratingthenetworkingprocessofinnovation,meta-modeland

macroprocessofKMintoacogentframeworkfromahuman-centeredpoint-of-view.This

modelvisualizestheknowledgeflowsandtheinteractionsbetweenKMandinnovation

throughfourlayers.Finally,thefutureperspectiveofourresearchandanapplicationofour

modelarediscussed.

2.PerspectivesandcoreactivitiesofKMforinnovation

Thatknowledgeisakeycomponentofallformsofinnovationisawidelyacceptedprinciple

ofmoderninnovationmanagement（ChapmanandMagnusson,2006）.Knowledgeismore

andmoreregardedasavitalassetandthemainsourceofthecompetitiveadvantageofa

company.Becauseofitsmysteriousnature,thereisnosimpledefinitionofknowledgePAGE574jJOURNALOFKNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTjVOL.14NO.42010

generallyaccepted.Theepistemologyhasalsochangedfromamonistviewtothepluralist

one（CookandBrown,1999）.Knowledgeisdifferentfromdataandinformation,butrelated

tobothofthem（DavenportandPrusak,1998）.Unlikedataandinformation,knowledge

emergesfromhumaninterpretationsandtheircomplexinteractions（Stacey,2000）that

makeitintangibleandsociallyconstructedandembeddedinsocialnetworks.

Fromthesystemsthinkingperspective,knowledgeshouldberegardedasamultilevel

conceptembeddedinenvironment（CarayannisandCampell,2005）.Thusforinnovation,a

moreholisticviewshouldseeknowledgeasmultilayeredandmultifaceted,comprising

cognition,actionsandresources（SwanandNewell,2000）.Bothitsstaticanddynamic

aspectsshouldbemanagedinorderforbetterreuseandinnovation.Inordertocapturethe

multifacetednatureofknowledge,weadopttheworkingdefinitionofknowledgeproposed

byDavenportandPrusak（1998）:

Knowledgeisamixofframedexperience,values,contextualinformationandexpertinsightthat

providesaframeworkforevaluatingandincorporatingnewexperiencesandinformation.

Althoughthisdefinitionisnotastrictone,itcanincludeboththestaticanddynamicaspects

ofknowledge.

Withtheincreasingamountofknowledge,aurgenttaskforcompaniesishowtoeffectively

managetheirknowledgeandtocreateaddedvalueswithfurtherinnovation.SinceWiig

coinedtheterm‘‘knowledgemanagement’’,ithasbeenstudiedwithmanya