虚拟城市设计基于城市形象的理论外文翻译.docx

虚拟城市设计基于城市形象的理论外文翻译.docx

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虚拟城市设计基于城市形象的理论外文翻译

虚拟城市设计基于城市形象的理论【外文翻译】

本科毕业设计（论文）

外文翻译

原文:

VirtualCityDesignBasedonUrbanImageTheory

Thispaperaimstoevaluatewhateffectapplyingresidents'urbanimagetovirtualcitydesign（arealtimevirtualmodelofanactualcity）.TwoexperimentswereconductedtocomparetwovirtualcitydesignsusingthevirtualmodelofTelAvivcity.Onedesignincludedhighlightedurbanelementsfromtheresidents'urbanimage,whileintheseconddesignnohighlightedelementswereincluded.Theexperimentsprovedthatusingtheelementsoftheresidents'urbanimageinavirtualcitydesignenhancestheperformanceofallparticipantsinthewayfindingtasks,andespeciallythosewithalowlevelofspatialknowledge.Analysisofthetrajectorypatternsandtheverbalreportsoftheparticipantsduringnavigationshowedthattheurbanimagedesignfacilitatesamoreintensiveuseofaposition-basedstrategy,inadditiontothepath-integrationwayfindingstrategy,whichwasfoundtobedominantinthevirtualmodelwithoutthehighlightedurbanimageelements.Onthebasisofthesefindingsweproposeprinciplesfordesigningvirtualcitiesfromaperspectiveofwayfinding.[ABSTRACTFROMAUTHOR]

CopyrightofCartographicJournalisthepropertyofManeyPublishinganditscontentmaynotbecopiedoremailedtomultiplesitesorpostedtoalistservwithoutthecopyrightholder'sexpresswrittenpermission.However,usersmayprint,download,oremailarticlesforindividualuse.Thisabstractmaybeabridged.Nowarrantyisgivenabouttheaccuracyofthecopy.Usersshouldrefertotheoriginalpublishedversionofthematerialforthefullabstract.（CopyrightappliestoallAbstracts.）

VirtualTelAvivofferstheuserareal-time,ying–basednavigationmodeover

TelAvivcity,anareaofabout50squarekm.ThemodelwasbuiltintheEnvironmentalSimulationLaboratoryatTelAvivUniversitywithSkyline4.5software.Usingthissoftware,weinterpolatedaDTM

Pointlayer（inaresolutionof50m）ofTelAvivintoarasterlayerofthecity’saltitudes.ThenweaddedanorthophotoofTelAviv（inaresolutionof25cm）,and

usingthesealtitudes,weestablisheda3Dvisualizationofthecityterrain.Afterwards（inexperiment2）weaddedGISlayersoftheTelAviv‘urbanimage’objects（paths,landmarks,nodes,edgesanddistricts）asshowninFigure1.Theseobjectswerehighlightedbycolour（differentcoloursforlinearandnon-linearobjects）andlabels（astextnexttotheobject）.

InordertoconstructtheurbanimageofTelAviv,32residentsofthecitywereasked‘todrawamapofTelAvivandtodrawthedominantelementsinit（nomorethan15elements）’.Wedecidedtolimitthenumberoftheelementsto15sothatonlythemostimageableelementswouldemerge,aswellastocreateacommonunderstandingoftheassignmentforallparticipants.Wethengatheredthedatafromtheindividualsketchmapsintooneaggregatemaprepresentingtheresidents’urban

imageofTelAviv.Inordertocreatearepresentativeurbanimage,onlythoseelementsthatappearedinmorethantwosketchmapswereincludedinthisaggregatemap.

Twenty-fourparticipants（15maleand9female）,26to58yearsofage,tookpartintheexperiments.Noneoftheseparticipantshadtakenpartindrawingthesketchmapsfromwhichweevaluatedtheurbanimageforuseintheexperiments.AllparticipantsdeclaredtheyknewthecityofTelAviv‘well’.Tomakesuretheywerefamiliarwiththecity,alistofninewell-knownlocationsinTelAvivwasreadtothem,andtheywereaskedwhethertheyknewtheirexactlocations.

Twoexperimentswereconductedbydividingtheparticipantsintotwogroupsof12.Inexperiment1,thedesignofthevirtualmodeldidnotincludeanyhighlightedlandmarks,whileinexperiment2thedesignofthevirtualmodelincludedhighlightedurbanelementsfromtheresidents’urbanimage.（Inthisexperimentweaddedthe

resFinally,furtherattentionshouldbepaidtoimageryasrepresentedbydifferentgroups,allowingdueconsiderationofthewiderpicureoftheappropriatenessofmajorculturaleventsasareimagingstrategyforcontemporarycitieswitharrangeofsocialandculturaljusticeissues.identsurbanimageasaGISlayer.）Theparticipants

ofbothexperimentshadtocompletethefollowingsteps:

EachsubjectwasprovidedwithanA4sheetofpaper,onwhichthemunicipal

bordersofTelAvivwereasked.Inordertogivetherespondentsreferencepoints,wealsomarkedtwoveryfamiliarlandmarksalongthecoastlineofTelAviv—thenew

TelAvivportandtheoldJeffaport.Themainnationalhighway（AyalonHighway）wasalsomarked（Figure2）.

Allparticipantsweregiventhesameinstruction:

‘Pleasemarkeachoftheabove

sitesonthemap,asaccuratelyasyoucan’.Theninesiteswerethosewhichwereread

tothematthebeginningoftheexperiment,andtheyincludesixlocationsintheway,ndingtasks（theclocktowerinJaffa,theIsraelMuseum,HabimahNationalTheater,CityHall,Yehuda-MaccabiStreetandthecentralbusstation）andthreeothercentrallocations（theTelAvivMuseumofArt,theAzrielimallandtherailwaystation）.Thelocationsofthenineelementsforeachmapgivenbytheparticipantswerecomparedtotheirreallocations—providingameandistanceerrorvalueforeach

participant.Suchinformation

Avirtualcityisareal-timemodelofanactualcitythatenables.Theusertowalkthroughor,yoveracertainarea.Suchmodelshavebeenconstructedrecentlyformanycities,e.g.LosAngeles,Philadelphia,London,Barcelona,Glasgow,TokyoandTelAviv,thankstoimprovementsingeovisua-lizationtools（computergraphics,GISetc）.Currently,theresearchinthis,eldtendstoconcentrateonthemodels’technologicaldimensionsandtheirimplementationsforsupportingurbanplanningandvariousdecision-makingprocesses（FisherandUnwin,2001;Laurini,2001;Jiangetal.,2003）.However,withafewexceptions,whichincludeaconceptualdiscussiononcognitiveissuesforvirtualenvironmentdesign（Slocumetal.,2001）andaconsidera-tionofway,ndingaspectsinavirtualcitiesdesign（Bourdakis,998;Omeretal.）,littleattentionhasbeenpaidtotheway,ndingdif,cultiesthatcharacterize

thesemodelsandtheirdesignimplications.

Virtualcitiesareuniquewhencomparedtoothergeographical

representationsofthecity,suchasmaps,aerialphotographsorstatic3Dmodels,duetothereal-timemovementwithinthem,whichischaracterizedbyhighspeedoflocomotion,different3Dviewingperspectivesandvaryinggeographicalscales.Thesecharacteristicsofvirtualcitiescouldentailunfamiliaruserbehavior,resultingin

way,ndingdif,cultiesfortheusersi.e.dif,cultiesinlocatingtheircurrentpositionand,ndingtheirwaytoadesiredlocation.Inaddition,usersmayexperiencedif,cultiesoforientationjustasusersofanydesktopvirtualenvironment（VE）.Thesedif,cultiesarerelatedtothelackof‘presence’,i.e.‘theparticipant’ssenseof‘beingthere’inthevirtualenvironment’（Slateretal.,1994）,perspectivedistortionsandtheuseofstandardinputdevicesthatmightaffectperformanceduringnavigation（DarkenandSibert,1996;Ruddleetal.,1997;HarrisandJenkinetal.,2000;Whitelocketal.,2000;Jansenetal.,2001）.

Enhancingway,ndingperformanceinavirtualcitydesignaimstohelpcityresidentstransfertheirimageandspatialknowledgefromtherealcitytoitsvirtualmodel.Lynch’surbanimagetheory（Lynch,1960）couldbeanappropriatetooltoattainthisgoalsinceitenablesustoseehowcityresidentsperceivetheircity.Theurbanimage,orcityimage,isactuallytheoverlapofmanyindividualimages,Lynchclaims‘whicharetheresultofatwo-wayprocessbetweentheobserverandhis

environment.Theenvironmentsuggestsdistinctionsandrelations,andtheobserver[…]selects,organizesandendowswithmeaningwhathesees’（Lynch,1960,p.6）.Theunderlyingassumptionisthatthecityimage,whichisobtainedfromsketchmapsorinterviews,providesinformationontheimageabilityofthecityelements.Lynchde,nedimage-abilityasa‘qualityinaphysicalobjectwhichgivesitahighprobabilityofevokingastrongimageinanygivenobserver’（Lynch,1960,p.9）.Indiscussingrealcitydesignbytheseelements,Lynchsuggeststheycanbeclassi,ed

convenientlyinto,vetypesofelements:

paths,edges,districts,nodesandlandmarks,whichshouldbepatternedtogethertoprovideanimagebleenvironment..

ThoughLynch’surbanimagetheoryhasnotbeenappliedtothedesignofa

virtualcity,itsef,ciencyforenhancingway,ndinghasbeenprovedinmanyotherVE

studies.Itwasfoundthatroute-,ndingperformanceoftheVEuserimprovedwhen

familiarobjectswereplacedwithintheVEthanwhennolandmarkswereused（Ruddleetal.,1997）.Inaddition,theimportanceoftherelationsbetweenLynch’s

elementtypesfornavigationenhancementisemphasizedinVEstudies.Theserelationshavebeenfoundtohelpusersstructuretheirspatialrepresentationin

differingscales（Vinson,1999;DarkenandSibert,1996）.Whilethesestudiesdonotinvolvereallarge-scaleVE,Al-Kodmany（2001）usedLynch’stheoryasaframework

whencombiningWeb-basedmultimediatechnologytoassistesidentsandplannersinvisualizingacommunityinChicagoby‘visualizingselectedareasthatwereselected

asmostimageablebytheresidentsthemselves’（Al-Kodmany,2001,p.811）.

Theaimofthispaperistostudytheeffectthatavirtualcitydesignbasedonresidents’urbanimagehasonway,ndingperformance.Tothatend,twovirtualcity

designsofTelAvivcitywerecompared.（ThevirtualmodelofTelAvivcitywillbereferredtointhispaperas‘