考研英语真题及参考答案完整版.docx

考研英语真题及参考答案完整版.docx

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考研英语真题及参考答案完整版

2018考研英语

（一）真题及参考答案（完整版）

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（10points）

Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition1manyworthwhilethings:

childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheotherhand,puttingyour2,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh3.

4,whydowetrustatall?

Well,becauseitfeelsgood.5peopleplacetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsreleaseoxytocin,ahormonethat6pleasurablefeelingsandtriggerstheherdinginstructthatpromptshumansto7withoneanother.Scientistshavefoundthatexposure8thishormoneputsusinatrusting9:

InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothenosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantlyhigheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir10whoinhaledsomethingelse.

11forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay12us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscandifferentiate13acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlerswereeach14toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetesterwouldask,“What'sinhere?

”beforelookingintothecontainer,smiling,andexclaiming,“Wow”!

Eachsubjectwastheninvitedtolook15.Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf16thecontainerwasempty-andrealizedthetesterhad17them.

Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere18tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthattheytrustedhisleadership.19,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpairedwiththe

“20”testerparticipatedinafollow-upactivity.

*—

1.[A]on

■**

[B]like

[C]for

[D]from

2.[A]faith

（B）concern

[C]attention

[D]interest

3.[A]benefit

[B]debt

[C]hope

[D]price

4.[A]Therefore

[B]Then

[C]Instead

[D]Again

5.[AjUntil

[B]Unless

[C]Alihough

[D]

6.[A]selects

[B]produces

[C]applies

[D]maintains

7.[A]consdt

[B]compete

[C]counect

[D]compare

S.[A]at

IB]by

[C]of

[D]to

9.[A]context

[B]mood

[C]period

[D]circle

1O.[A]counterparts

[B]substitutes

[C]colleagues

[Djaupporters

1l.[A]Funny

[B]Lucky

[C]Odd

[D]Ironic

12.[A]monitor

[B]protect

[C]surprise

[D]delight

13{A]between

[B]within

[C]toward

[D]over

14.[A]nansferred

[B]added

[C]introduced

[D]enmisred

15一[A]out

[B]back

[C]around

[D]inside

16JA]discovered

[B]proved

[C]insisrtd

[D]rcmcnibered

17.[A]betrayed

[B]wronged

[C]fooled

[D]mocked

IS[A]forced

[B]TVilling

[C]hesiunt

[D]entided

19[A]Encontrast

[B]Asaresult

[C]Ontheuholt

[D]Forinsanee

2O.[A]inflexible

[B]incapable

[C]unreliable

[D]unsmtible

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtext

bychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERHEET.（40points）

Text1

Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethatwillprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:

Whathappenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?

Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.Abouthalfof.jobsareat

highriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy,withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobslike

gardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-classoccupations-trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering——have

arousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywillbefine.

Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnologicalupheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolutiondidn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanizedlooms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobsthanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboostproductivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkersfromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkersmayneedalotofhelpadjusting.

Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege-shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.

Thechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedforthe.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:

Startingnewcompaniesmustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange,entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombinelaborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualrealityhaven'tbeeninventedyet.The.needsthenewcompaniesthatwillinventthem.

Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:

Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.

Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenextfewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesandcareersupendedbyautomation.

Destroyingthemachinesthatarecomingforourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbeindispensable.

2ILWhowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation?

[A]Leadingpoliticims.

[B]Low-wagelaborers

[CjR-ototoxvikl

[D]Mid.dle-classworkers.

22AVhkhofthefollowingbestrepresenttheaAithorPvi

[A]Wanicsaboutamoinationareinfactgroundless.

[BjOptimistsopinionsqelnewtechfindliElesupport.

[C]Issutsirisin呂fromautomationneedtobetackled

[D]Negativeconsequences

23.Educationintil亡a吕亡ofautomaticnshouldputmoreemphasison

[A]creativepotential.

[B]job-huntingskills

[C]individualneeds.

[D]cooperativespiiil-

24.Th

[A]encouragingthedevelopmentofautomaton.

[BjincreasingttieieTuinonca.pita.1invesnnenr.

[Cleasingthehostilitybecv.eenrich,mdpoar.

[D]prev

25.Inthistcsjlhe：

authorpresem3tproblemvritfi

[A]oppesingviewsonit.

[B]possiblesolutionsioit.

[C]irsJaimingimpacts.

[D]iUmajor

Text2

AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofPresidentTrump'suseofTwitter.Theimplication

isthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthrough

othersource,Notapresident'ssocialmediaplatform.

MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialiteracyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016presidentialcampaign,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedbyTwitter

usersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedforBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofFacebookusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediagiant.

Youngpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeedbecomingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferentperspectives—especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealofpersonalresponsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,”thesurveyconcluded.

Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconducted

inAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityof

Wisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople'srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.

Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimatelyandimmediatelywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thisforcesuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror,”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin“misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews”viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue.“Thisindicatesthereisarealpersonalresponsibility

incounteractingthisproblem,”saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.

Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweetingpresident,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills—andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialmedia.

26.Accordingtoth亡Paragraphs1and二man、ycungAmericanscastdoubtson

[A]±ejustificationofthenews-filieringpractice.

[B]people'spreftrenccforsocialincdiaplatfcmis

[C]theadministrationsabilitytohindieinformation.

[D]socialmediawasareliablesourceofnews.

27.Thephrase"beeiupT（Xine2,Para2）isclosestinmeaningla

[A.]shaken

[B]define

[C]boast

[D]share

2S.Accordingtoth亡knightfoundationsurvey,youngpeople

[A]tend,tovoice±eiropinionsincyberspace.

■■

[B]verifysbyreferringtodiv