写作篇Chapter Two Means of Paragragh Development.docx

写作篇Chapter Two Means of Paragragh Development.docx

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写作篇ChapterTwoMeansofParagraghDevelopment

写作篇ChapterTwoMeansofParagraghDevelopment

PartOneParagraphWritingChapterTwoMeansofParagraphDevelopment

I.LogicalOrderofParagraphII.DevelopmentbyExamplesIII.DevelopmentbyTimeOrderIV.DevelopmentbyProcessV.DevelopmentBySpatialOrderⅥ.DevelopmentbyCauseandEffectVII.DevelopmentbyClassificationVIII.Comparison/ContrastIX.DevelopmentbyCombinationofMethods

1.LogicalOrderofaParagraphAfourthwaytoachievecoherenceistoarrangeyoursentencesinsomekindoflogicalorder.Yourchoiceofonekindoflogicalorderoveranotherwill,ofcourse,dependonyourtopicandonyourpurpose.Youmayevencombinetwoormoredifferentlogicalordersinthesameparagraph.TheimportantpointtorememberistoarrangeyourideasinsomekindoforderthatislogicaltoareaderaccustomedtotheEnglishwayofwriting.

1.PretestReadthetwogroupsofsentencesbelow.Thenrearrangetheminlogicalorder.Usethetransitionwordsandphrasesandothercluestohelpyou.Finally,rewritethesentencesasaparagraph.Group1:

F，G，B，A，D，C，EGroup2:

D，E，A，C，F，B

2.LogicalDevelopmentsSomecommonkindsoflogicalorderinEnglisharechronologicalorder–developmentbytimeorprocess;analysis--logicaldivisionofideas;comparisonorcontrast;causeandeffect,etc.Eachkindoforderhasitsownspecialwordsandphrasestoshowtherelationshipsamongtheideas.Forexample,

chronologicalorderfirst,next,afterthat,finally,beforethelastwar,after1990,sincethen,in2010,whileworkingontheproject,etc.showingdifferenceorcontrastthemostnoticeabledifference,largerthan,unlike,ontheotherhand,incontrast,differfrom,etc.showingsimilaritiesorcomparisonsimilarity,similarly,asexpensiveas,justas,justlike,comparewith,incomparison,etc.analysisIdeasareputintogroups,andeachgroupisdiscussedoneaftertheother.first,second,third,etc.

EXERCISESReadthefollowingparagraphsanddecidewhichkindoflogicalorderisusedineachone.Givethereasonsforyourchoice.Circlealltransitionsignals.Paragraph1Kindsoflogicalorder:

ContrastTransitionalsignals:

forexample,Furthermore,ontheotherhand,and,incontrast,but,Inaddition,whereas,howeverParagraph2Kindsoflogicalorder:

ChronologicalorderTransitionalsignals:

andso,Thenin46B.C.E.,and,notonly…butalso…,but,soin1582,but

II.DevelopmentbyExamplesExamplesandextendedexamples,whichareanecdotesorshortstories,areperhapstheeasiestkingofsupportingdetailstouse.Youdon’thavetosearchinthelibraryforinformation;youcanoftentakeexamplesfromyourownknowledgeandpersonalexperiences.Furthermore,examplesareusuallyinterestingandmakeyourwritingenjoyabletoread.Finally,sinceitiseasytorememberastrikingexampleoragoodstory,yourreaderismorelikelytorememberyourpoint.1.PretestReadtheparagraphonpage32andpage33andanswerthequestions.

II.DevelopmentbyExamples2.ExamplesTherearetwocautionsyoushouldkeepinmind:

First,usepersonalexamplessparinglyinformalacademicwritingbecausetheyareconsideredweaksupport.Second,besurethatyourexamplesreallyproveyourpoint.Studythefollowingmodeltoseehowexamplesandextendedexamplescanbeusedtosupportatopicsentence.Knowledgeoftenresultsonlyafterpersistentinvestigation.AlbertEinstein,afteralengthyexaminationofthecharacteristicsofmatterandenergy,formulatedhisfamousTheoryofRelativity,which

II.DevelopmentbyExamplesnowactsasabasisforfurtherresearchinnuclearphysics.Usingplastercastsoffootprints,fingerprints,andstraystrandsofhair,adetectivepertinaciouslypursuesthecriminal.AfteryearsofworkAnnieJumpCannonperfectedtheclassificationofthespectraofsome350,000stars.Investigationsintothecausesofpoliohaveprovideduswiththemeansforpreventionandcureofthisdreadeddiseaseonlyaftermanyyearsofresearch.Asstudents,wetooaredeterminedinourinvestigationtofind,retain,andcontributetothestoreofhumanknowledge.

II.DevelopmentbyExamples3.ExtendedExamplesSometimes,itisnotenoughtosupportyourpointsimplywithgeneralexamples.Amorevividandconcreteillustrationusedasanextendedexamplemaylightupanabstractideaandmakeitclear,interesting,memorableandconvincing.Studythefollowingmodeltoseehowextendedexamplescanbeusedtosupportatopicsentence.

II.DevelopmentbyExamplesNonverbalCommunicationNonverbalcommunication,or“bodylanguage”,iscommunicationbyfacialexpression,headoreyemovements,handsignals,andbodypostures.Itcanbejustasimportanttounderstandingaswordsare.Misunderstandings—oftenamusingbutsometimesserious—canarisebetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturesiftheymisinterpretnonverbalsignals.Take,forexample,thedifferenceinmeaningsofagestureverycommonintheUnitedStates.Acirclemadewiththumbandindexfinger.ToanAmerican,itmansthateverythingisOK.

II.DevelopmentbyExamplesToaJapanese,itmeansthatyouaretalkingaboutmoney.InFrance,itmeansthatsomethingisworthless,andinGreece,itisanobscenegesture.Therefore,anAmericancouldunknowinglyoffendedaGreekbyusingthatparticularhandsignals.

II.DevelopmentbyExamplesThatfollowingincidentillustrateshowconflictingnonverbalsignalcancauseseriousmisunderstandings.WhilelecturingtohispoetryclassatAinShamsUniversityinCairo,aBritishprofessorbecamesorelaxedthatheleanedbackinhischairandrevealhisbottomofhisfoottotheastonishedclass.MakingsuchagestureinMuslimsocietyistheworstkindofinsult.Thenextday,theCaironewspaperscarriedheadlinesaboutthestudentdemonstrationthatresulted,andtheydenouncedBritisharroganceanddemandedthattheprofessorbesenthome.

4.TransitionalSignalsforExamplesIndevelopingaparagraphbyexamples,becarefultointroduceexampleswithappropriatetransitionalsignals.Thefollowinggivecommonlyusedtransitionsandtheirexamples.SentenceConnectorsforexampleforinstanceOthersThefollowingexample（story/incident）illustrates（shows/demonstrates）...suchasasinthecaseofagoodcaseinpointII.DevelopmentbyExamples

III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrder1.PretestReadthesentencesbelow.Thenrearrangetheminlogicalorder.Usethetransitionalwordsandphrasesandothercluestohelpyou.Finally,rewritethesentencesasaparagraphandtellonwhatprincipleyouarrangethesentences.C，A，F，B，E，D，G

III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrder2.ChronologicalOrderChronologicalorderisoneoftheeasiestmethodsoforganizationtomaster.ChronosisaGreekwordmeaningtime.Chronologicalorder,therefore,isawayoforganizingtheideasinparagraphintheorderoftheiroccurrenceintime.Chronologicalorderisusedforsomethingassimpleasarecipeandforsomethingascomplexasahistorybook.Inacademicwriting,chronologicalorderhasmanyuses.Oneofprimarywaysyoumightuseitistowriteahistoricalnarrativeaboutthesubjectoftermpaper.

III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrder?

Therearetwokeystowritingagoodchronologicalparagraph:

?

1.Discusstheeventsintheorderinwhichtheyoccur.?

2.Usechronologicaltransitionsignalstoindicatethesequenceofevents.Analyzethefollowingmodelparagraphforitsorganizationbytime.Underlineanywordsorexpressionsthatindicatedtimeorder

III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrderTheEvolutionofComputersIntherelativelyshortspanofsixtyyears,therehasbeenanincredibleevolutioninthesizeandcapabilitiesofcomputers.Today,computerchipssmallerthanthetipofyourfingernailhavethesamecapabilitiesastheroom-sizedmachinesofyearsago.Thefirstcomputersweredevelopedaround1945.Theyweresolargethattheyrequiredspecialairconditionedrooms.About20yearslater,inthe1960s,desk-sizedcomputersweredeveloped.Thisrepresentedagiganticadvance.Beforetheendofthatsamedecade,however,athirdgenerationofcomputers,whichusedsimpleintegratedcircuitsandwhichwere

III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrderevensmallerandfaster,hadappeared.In1971,thefirstmicro-processor,lessthanonesquarecentimeterinsize,wasdeveloped.Today,modernmicroprocessorscontainasmanyas10milliontransistors,andthenumberoftransistorsandthecomputationalspeedofmicroprocessorsdoubleseveryeighteenmonths.

III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrder3.TopicSentencesforchronologicalOrderThetopicsentenceofachronologicalparagraphinsomewayindicatesthetimeorder.Inthemodel,phrasessuchas:

intherelativelyshortspanofsixtyyearsandevolutiongivethereaderahintthatthisisachronologicalparagraph.

III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrder4.TransitionSignalsforChronologicalOrderTransitionsignalsareespeciallyimportantinachronologicalparagraph.Youhavetobeveryclearaboutthesequenceofevents:

Didoneeventhappenbefore,atthesametimeas,orafteranotherevent?

III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrder?

first,?

second,?

next,?

nowTransitionWordsandPhrasesfirstofall,afterthat,finally,lastsoongraduallymeanwhile?

after?

as?

assoonas?

beforeSubordinatorssinceuntilwhenwhile

III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrderOthers?

Inthemorning?

Lastweek?

onthethirdday…?

duringthenight…Keepinmindthatanytimeexpressioncanserveasachronologicaltransitionsignal.

III.DevelopmentbyTimeOrderEXERCISES1.Putacheckinthespacetotheleftofeverytopicsentencesuggestingthataparagraphwillbedevelopedbytimeandunderlinethewordorwordsthatindicatechronologicalorder.

（1）Aperson’sintelligenceistheproductofbothheredityandenviron