ProfessorPaulBloom:
Sowhatwe'redoingtodayiscontinuingonthethemeofemotions."Emotions"isatwo-partlectureandwe'recontinuingalongcertainthemes.
Iwanttobeginbyrespondingtoaquestionwhichwasraisedinthelastclassconcerningsmilingandnonhumanprimates.Itwasaverygoodquestion.Theissuewas:
weknowthathumanshavedifferentsortsofsmilestoconveydifferentsortsofinformation.Thequestionwas,"dononhumanprimates,likechimpanzeesorgorillasorgibbons,havethesamemanysortsofsmiles?
"So,Icontactedtheworld'sexpertonsmiling,whodidnotreturnmye-mails.So,Icontactedthesecondworld'sexpertonsmilingwhotoldmethattheansweris"no,"thatprimate--nonhumanprimatesmilesactuallycorrespondalmostentirelytoappeasementsmiles.They're"don'thurtme"smiles.They'reequivalenttothe"coysmile"thatwesawonhumans.Butthatnonhumanprimatesdonotusesmilesforgreetings;there'snoequivalenttothe"greetingsmile"or"PanAmsmile";nordotheyusethemasgenuineexpressionsofhappiness.There'snoequivalenttothe"Duchennesmile."That'sasfarasIknow.Iftheworld'sexpertgetsbacktomeandsayssomethingdifferent,I'llkeepyouposted.
Anotherthing.Goingbacktothebeginningthemeoftheclass,whatwestarted--justtoreview,wetalkedaboutthedifferentfunctionsofemotions.Andthenwetalkedaboutsmilingandfacialexpressions.Andthenweturnedtosome--toanonsocialemotion,thecaseoffear.Andthenweshiftedtosocialemotions.Andwetalkedaboutsocialemotionstowardskinandthespecialevolutionaryreasonsthatwouldleadthemtoevolve.Andaswewereending,weweretalkingabouttherelationshipbetweenananimalanditschildren,particularlyincaseslikehumansandbirdsandmammalswheretheretendstobeacloserelationshipwithourchildren.
Weinvestinquality,notquantity.Imightproduceveryfewchildreninmylife.Andmyevolutionarytrickthenistofocusveryintentlyonthemandmakesuretheysurvive.IfIweretoproduce100children,Icouldstandtoloseafew,butifIjustproducefiveinmylifetimeortwoorone,theybecomeveryprecioustome.Andso,thestoryoftheevolutionofaspecieslikeusinvolvesalongperiodofdependenceanddeep,deepbondsbetweentheparentandthechild.Andthat'spartofwhatItalkedabout,howparentsrespondtochildren.
AndIwanttobeginthisclassbygivinganillustrationfromadocumentaryaboutparentalresponsetochildren,butIwanttogiveitinaspeciesthat'snotus.Andhereiswhy.I'llexplainwhywithananalogy.Ihaveafriendofminewhostudiesthepsychologyofreligion.Hestudieswhypeopleholdreligiousbeliefs.Andhetellsmethatwhenhe'stalkingtoanonspecialist,somebodynotinthefield,hedoesn'tevertellthem,"Yeah,I'mreallyinterestedinwhypeoplebelieveintheBibleorwhypeoplelightthecandlesonSabbathorwhypeoplegotochurch"becausethesearereligionsthatpeoplearoundherehold,andifyoutellpeopleyoustudythemthey'llsortofbepuzzled,"whywouldyouwanttostudysomethinglikethat"oroffended.Ifyouwanttotalkaboutthepsychologyofreligiontoanaudiencelikethis,whatyoudoisyoustartwiththeexotic.So,youstartbytalkingaboutpeoplewhoputbutterontheirheads.
DanSperbertalksaboutaculturewherethemenputbutterontheirheadsinthesummer.Anditkindofmeltsandthat'spartof--oneofthethingsthattheydoor--youtalkaboutaculturethatbelievesinspiritsorthattreescantalk.Yousayyou'restudyingitandtheysay,"Oh,that'sinteresting.Iwonderwhytheybelievethat?
"Andyouusethatasawaytolookatmoregeneralfactsthatexisteveninourculture.Youusethefactthatwedon'ttaketheexoticforgrantedasawaytomotivatethescientificstudyofthingswedotakeforgranted.
Andthisis,ofcourse,truemoregenerally.ThiswasthepointintheWilliamJamesquotewhenhetalkedaboutthingsthatarenaturaltousandnoticedthatsomeveryoddthingsareequallynaturaltootherspecies.Andit'strue,Ithink,inparticularwhenwetalkaboutthingslikethelovewehaveforourchildren.So,onewaytolookatthelovewehaveforourchildrenscientifically,isn'ttolookatithead-on,becausethelovewefeeltowardsourownchildrenfeelssacred,itfeelsspecial,butlookatitinotherspecies.Andso,oneofthenicestillustrationsofthisistheEmperorpenguin,whichwas--which--whosechildcareandmatingpracticesweredramatizedinawonderfulmoviecalled"MarchofthePenguins."Andthisisinterestingbecausetheyhadthisincrediblyelaborateandquiteprecarioussystemofgeneratingandtakingcareofoffspring.
So,Iwanttoshowyouabriefclipofthemovietoillustratesomepartsofthis.Whattheydoatthebeginning,whichisnot--whichleadsuptothis,istheytakeaverylongtrekfromthewatertotheirbreedinggrounds.Theirbreedinggroundsis--areprotectedfromthewindandthey'reonafirmpieceoficesotheycouldholdthewholepack.Theydothebreedingthereandit'stherethattheeggsarecreated.So,thisiswherethemoviebeginsatthispoint.[clipplaying]
"MarchofthePenguins"wasthesecondbest--secondmostpopulardocumentaryofalltime,beatenonlyby"Fahrenheit9/11."Andpeoplerespondedtoitindifferentways,whichareinformativewhenwethinkaboutthegeneralizationsyoucouldmakefromanimalbehaviortohumanbehavior.Someconservativecommentatorssawthisasacelebrationoffamilyvalues,suchasloveandtrustandmonogamy.Someliberals,whohateeverythingthat'sgoodandtrue,[laughter]respondedbysaying,"Well,yeah,they'remonogamousforonebreedingseason.It'sayear.Thentheygoandfindanothermate.Ifyouadditup,it'sprettyslutty."[laughter]
Ithinkmoretothepoint,peoplewereimpressedandstunnedbytherichandarticulateandsystematicbehaviorthattheseanimalswereshowing.Plainly,theydidn'tpickitupfromtelevision,movies,culture,learning,schooling,andsoon.Tosomeextent,thissortofcomplicatedbehaviorcamenaturaltothem.Andit'sunderstandablethatsomeproponentsofintelligentdesign,orcreationism,pointedtothisasanexampleofhowGodcreatesthingsthataredeeply,richlyintricatesoastoperpetratethesurvivalofdifferentanimals.FromaDarwinianstandpoint,theDarwinianwouldagreewiththecreationistthatthiscouldn'thavehappenedbyaccident,thisisjustfartoocomplicated,butwouldappealtothe--tothisasanexquisiteexampleofabiologicaladaptation,inparticularabiologicaladaptationregardingparentalcaretochildrenshapedbythefactthatchildrensharetheparents'genesandsoparentswillevolveinwaysthatperpetratethesurvivaloftheirchildren.
Thenthere'stheotherdirection,whichishowchildrenrespondtoparents,howtheyoungonesarewireduptoresonateandrespondindifferentwaystotheadultsaroundthem.Andwequicklytalkedaboutsomedifferenttheoriesofthis.AndI'lljustreviewwhatwetalkedaboutlastclass.Babieswilldevelopanattachmenttowhoeverisclosest.They'llusuallyprefertheirmothersbecausetheirmothersaretypicallythosewhoareclosesttothem.They'llpreferhervoice,herface,hersmell.Itusedtobethoughtthatthereissomesortofmagicalmomentofimprintingthatwhenthebabyisborn,thebabymustseehisorhermotherand"boom,"aconnectionismade.Ifthebabydoesn't,terriblethingswillhappenwithattachmentlateron.Thisissilly.Thereisnoreasontobelievethere'ssomespecialmomentorspecialfiveminutesorspecialhour.It'sjustinthefullnessoftimebabieswilldevelopanattachmenttotheanimalthat'sclosesttoit.Theywillrecognizeitas,atanimplicitlevel,atanunconsciouslevel,astheirkin.
Well,howdoesthiswork?
Howdoesthebaby'sbraindevelop--cometodevelopanemotionalattachmenttothatcreature?
Well,yourememberfromSkinnerthatoperantconditioningcouldprovideagoodanswertothis.Andthisisknownasthe"CupboardTheory,"whichisbabieslovetheirmomsbecausetheirmomsprovidefood.It'sthelawofeffect.It'soperantconditioning.Theywillapproachtheirmotherstogetthefoodfromthem.Andtheywilldevelopanattachmentbecausetheirmotherprovidesfood.Andthisiscontrastedwithamorenativist,hard-wiredtheorydevelopedbyBowlbywhichclaimsthatthere'stwothingsgoingon.Thereisadrawtomomforcomfortandsocialinteractionandfearofstrangers.
Now,intherealworld,it'sdifficulttopullapartthesetwomeansofattractionbecausetheverysamewomanwho'sgivingyoucomfortandsocialinteractionisalsotheonegivingyoumilk.Butinthelaboratoryyoucanpullthemapart.Andthat'swhatHenryHarlowdidinthemoviesyousawlastweek.So,Harlowexposedprimatestotwodifferentmothers.Oneisawiremother.That'saSkinnerianmother.That'samotherwhogavefood.Theotherisaclothmotherset-upsothatshe'dbecomfortableandgivewarmthandcuddling.Andthequestionis,"Whichonedobabiesgofor?
"Andasyoucanrememberfromthemovies,theresultsarefairlydecisive.Babiesgotothewiremothertoeat--asoneofthecharacterssaid,"You'vegottoeattolive."Buttheyviewedthe--theylovedtheclothmother.Theydevelopedanattachmenttothewarm,cuddlymother.That'stheonetheyusedasabasewhentheywerethreatened.That'stheonetheyusedasabasefromwhichtoexplore.
Okay.Andthatactually--Oh,that'sjust--Ihaveapicture.Andthatactuallytakesmetothe--Oh,exceptforonething,italmosttakesmetothe
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