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unit67

Unit6SemanticNetworksofEnglishWords

CheckYourUnderstanding

StatewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEorFALSE.

a.Wordsfromdifferentclassescanformasemanticfield.

b.Mostlexicalitemsformsemanticfieldwithotherlexemeswithcertainsemanticrelation.

c.Themeaningofahyponymisincludedinthemeaningofitssuperordinate.

d.Thereisalwaysasuperordinatetermforitshyponyms.

e.LexicalgapsacrossEnglishandChineseexistinallsemanticfields.

Key:

FTFFT

In-ClassActivities

1.Somesemanticfieldsarequitesmall.Forexample,eachpairofantonyms,suchaslongandshortformsalexicalfieldoftwomembers.Themeaningsofthetwoantonymshaveincommonthatbothrelatetoanendsectionofthesamescale,andthegroupiscompletesincetherearenootheradjectivesthatsharethispartofthemeaning.

ASK:

（1）Canyoufindmoresemanticfieldsofthissmalltype?

（2）Dopolysemouswordoldanditsantonymsnewandyoungbelongtothesamesemanticfield?

Key:

（1）aliveanddead,maleandfemale,bigandsmall

（2）No.old&newandold&youngbelongtodifferentsemanticfields.

2.Inpublicnotices,weoftenfindtheuseofgeneralwordsforpersons,objects,places,etc.Lookatthefollowingthreepictures.

ASK:

（1）Whatarethegeneralwordsusedinthesepictures?

Canyouprovidesomehyponymsforeachofthem?

DoesanyofthegeneralwordshaveacertainhyponymthatfindsnoequivalentinChinese?

（2）Doyouthinkitisreasonabletousesuperordinatetermsontheseoccasions?

Key:

（1）vehicle,pets,food,drinks,shirt,shoes,customer

（2）Omit

3.Hyponymyisatransitiverelation,i.e,ifx→yandy→zthenx→z.Forexample,since“dog”isahyponymof“mammal”and“mammal”isahyponymof“animal”,“dogisahyponymofanimal”.

ASK:

（1）Canyoufindotherexamplestoprovetherelationoftransitivity?

（2）Ismeronymyatransitiverelationlikehyponymy?

Useexamplesforillustration.

Key:

（1）Tulipisahyponymofflowerwhichisahyponymofplant.

Scarlet,vermilion,carmineandcrimsonarehyponymsofredwhichisahyponymofcolor.

（2）Meronymyisnotexactlythetransitiverelationlikehyponymy.Forexample,“pupil”isapartof“eye”,and“eye”isapartof“face”,while“pupil”isnotapartof“face”.

4.Oftenaconceptlexicalizedinonelanguagemaynothaveacorrespondinglexicaliteminanotherlanguageandthuspresentsatranslationdifficulty.

ASK:

（1）Whatmethodscanyouemploytotranslatethemissingword,iftheconceptisimportantormustbecitedoften?

（2）IsitaneasyjobtotranslatetheChinesesentence“他铅笔盒里有五支笔”intoEnglish?

Whyorwhynot?

Namesomeofthehyponymsof“笔”inbothChineseandEnglish.

Key:

1）acompoundword,adescriptivephrase,borrowingfromonelanguage,etc.

2）No.BecausethereisnoEnglishequivalenceforChineseword笔.

铅笔pencil钢笔pen/fountainpan圆珠笔ball-pointpen毛笔writingbrush画笔paintingbrush鸭嘴笔drawingpen/rulingpen蜡笔（wax）crayon粉笔chalk

5.Atermwhichisahyponymofitselfisanautohyponyminthatthesamelexicalitemcanoperateatbothsuperordinateandsubordinatelevels;forexample,“man”contrastswith“animal”atonelevel,butatalowerlevelitcontrastswith“woman”（ineffect,“amanisakindofman”）.

ASK:

（1）Canyoufindotherautohyponyms?

（2）Canyouaccountfortheexistenceofautohyponymsinanypossibleway?

Key:

Omit

6.Hyponymyandmeronymyareoftenfoundinlanguageuse.Itisquitecommonforageneraltermandaspecificterm,orapartwordandawholewordtosubstituteforeachotherinbothspeakingandwriting.Theformerrhetoricaldeviceiscalledmetonymyandthelatteronesynecdoche.Forexample,inthesentence“Anappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway”,thespecificterm“apple”referstothegeneralterm“fruit”;inthesentence“Howmanymouthsdoeshehavetofeed”,thepartword“mouth”isusedtoreplacethewholeword“person”.Readthefollowingsentences.

a.Hecouldhardlyearnhiseverydaybread.

b.I’vegotwheels.

c.Lastyearnearly6millionvehiclesrolledofftheassemblylines.

d.Putdownthesteel.

ASK:

（1）Canyoupointoutthewordssubstitutedbythebold-facedwords?

（2）Canyousupplymoreexamplesofyourown?

Key:

（1）1.food2.car3.automobiles4.knife

（2）Omit

Post-ClassTask

1.Howismeronymydifferentfromhyponymy?

Useexamplestoillustratetheirdifferences.

Key:

Meronymyisdifferentfromhyponymyinthattheformerisa“partof”or“memberof”relationwhilethelattera“kindof”relation.Forexample,aleafisapartofatree;anoakisakindoftree.

Hyponymyisatransitiverelation,i.e,ifx→yandy→zthenx→z.Forexample,since“dog”isahyponymof“mammal”and“mammal”isahyponymof“animal”,“dogisahyponymofanimal”.Meronymyisnotnecessarilyatransitiverelation.Forexample,although

.

2.Readthefollowingtreediagramontherelationshipofhyponymyamonglexicalitemsinthesemanticfieldoffruitandillustratethelexicalgapexistinginthefield.

fruit

?

?

etc.berry

applepear

blackberryraspberryetc.

Key:

Thetermberryactsasthegeneraltermformorespecificfruitsblackberryandraspberry,butthereseemstobenotermforthecategoryincludingsuchfruitasappleandpear.

3.Meronymyisclassifiedintothefollowingseventypes.Findmoreexamplesforeachtype.

1.component—object（branch—tree,）

2.member—collection（fish—shoal）

3.portion—mass（strand—hair）

4.stuff—object（gold—ring）

5.feature—activity（paying—shopping）

6.place—area（Cambridge—Massachusetts）

7.phase—process（adolescence—growingup）

Key:

Omit

4.Identifythemeaningrelationshipbetweenthefollowingpairs.

a.windowhouse

b.footballgame

c.ChineseLanguage

d.NewYorkUSA

e.CPUcomputer

f.scarletred

Key:

1）meronymy2）hyponymy3）hyponymy4）meronymy5）mernymy6）hyponymy

5.TheChineseword“吃”canbeusedflexiblytoformvariousexpressions.TranslatethefollowingChineseslangsintoEnglish.

吃闲饭吃香吃不消吃力吃苦吃不开

Key:

吃闲饭”（leadanidlelife），“吃香”（beverypopular），“吃不消”（morethanonecanstand,toomuch）吃力（wordhard,betired），吃苦（haveatoughtime）吃不开（beunpopular）

6.Thefollowingpassageisanintroductionto“pop”.Pleasedrawalexicalnetworkof“pop”constructedbywordswithsemanticrelationsofhyponymy,meronymy,etc.

Pop

Eveniftheword“pop”disappearsfromtheEnglishvocabulary,theinfluenceofpopwillremain.PophasbecomepartofBritish-andAmerican-history.

Therehasalwaysbeenacloseculturallink,ortie,betweenBritainandEnglish-speakingAmerica,notonlyinliteraturebutalsointhepopulararts,especiallymusic.BeforetheSecondWorldWartheAmericansexportedjazzandtheblues.Duringthe1950stheyexportedrock’n’roll.

Thenintheearly1960sanewsoundwasheard,verydifferentfromanything,whichhassofarcomefromtheAmericansideoftheAtlantic.ThiswastheLiverpool,orMerseyside,“beat”.SituatedontheRiverMerseyinthenortheasterncorneroftheindustrialBlackCountry,Liverpoolwasnotaplacewhichanyonevisitedforfun.Untilthe1960sitwasknownonlyasoneoftheBritain’slargestports.Then,almostovernight,itbecameworldfamousasthebirthplaceofthenewpopculturewhich,inafewyears,sweptacrossBritainandAmerica,andacrossmostofthecountriesofthewesternworld.

ThepeopleresponsibleforthepoprevolutionwerefourLiverpoolboyswhojoinedtogetherinagroupandcalledthemselvesTheBeatles.Theyplayedinsmallclubsinthebackstreetsofthecity.Unlikethefamoussolostarswhohadtheirsongswrittenforthem,theBeatleswrotetheirownwordsandmusic.TheBeatleswontheaffectionandadmirationofpeopleofallagesandsocialbackgrounds.Astheydeveloped,theirsongsbecamemoreserious.Theywrotenotonlyoflove,butofdeathandoldageandpovertyanddailylife.Theywererespectedbymanyintellectualsandbysomeseriousmusicians.LargelythankstotheBeatles,popmusichasgrownintoanimmenseandprofitableindustry.

TheinfluenceofBritishpopinAmericawasimmense.AmericanpopgroupssoonbecameasfamousasBritishgroups.BothBritishandAmericansareexperimentingwithnewideas,andpopisdevelopingandchanging,andmergingwithmodernfolkmusic.

Key:

isfrom

isakindof

isfrom

isakindof

isfrom

isakindofisakindof

isfrom

creates

originatedfrom

isacityof

Unit7TheSemanticRelationsamongEnglishWords

CheckYourUnderstanding

StatewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEorFALSE.

a.Thewordclassesofgradableantonymsareadjective,nounandverb.

b.Chatandgossipformapairofsynonymsintermsofconnotation.

c.Homonymouswordsalwayscomefromdifferentetymologicalroots.

d.Pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweentwoitemsaresaidtoberelationalopposites.

e.Thecohesiveeffectofatextisalwaysachievedbytheco-occurrenceofwordswithmeaningrelationsofsynonymyandantonymy.

Key:

TTFTF

In-ClassActivities

1.Antonymsarecommonlyfoundtoco-occurinnaturallanguages,amongwhichare（both）XandY,XaswellasY,XandYalike,（either）XorY,neitherXnorY,fromXtoY,andnowX,nowY.Readthefollowingsentences.

a.Theywerefreewiththefellows,youngandold,abouttheplace,andexchangedbanterinrudephrases,whichatfirstshockedher.（TheodoreDreiser:

SisterCarrie）

b.  ThatwasonereasonshedidnotlookforwardtoCathy'svisit,shortorlong.

c.TheDanderlea’senergieswereclaimedbybuyingandsellingliquor,whileMrsFortescuewentoutalot.（DorisLessi