届二轮复习 概要写作技能训练含答案学案 2.docx

届二轮复习 概要写作技能训练含答案学案 2.docx

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届二轮复习概要写作技能训练含答案学案2

2020届二轮复习概要写作技能训练（含答案）学案

第一节归纳主旨大意

将350词以内的文本浓缩成60词左右的概要,需要一个过程。

它大致是从文本整体的理解到各部分的概括再到整体的合成。

首先,我们需要整体阅读文本,归纳主旨大意。

【有缘初识】

请阅读下面的短文以及某同学所写的概要,回答导学问题。

导学问题

1.该短文的主题是________.

A.shopping B.advertising C.undercover D.marketing

2.在A同学的概要中,与该主题不吻合的句子是_________________.

Youareinadepartmentstoreandyouseeacoupleofattractiveyoungwomenlookingatthesweater.Youlistentotheconversation.

“Ican'tbelieveit--aLorenzoBertolla!

Theyarealmostimpossibletofind.Isn’titbeautiful?

Andit’salotcheaperthantheoneSaraboughtinRome.”

Theyleaveandyougoovertoseethisincrediblesweater.It'sniceandthepriceisright.You’veneverheardofLorenzoBertolla,butthosegirlslookedreallystylish.Theymustknow.Soyoubuyit.Youneverrealizethatthoseyoungwomenareemployeesofanadvertisingagency.TheyareactuallypaidtogofromstoretostoretalkingloudlyaboutLorenzoBertollaclothes.

Everydaywenoticewhatpeoplearewearing,drivingandeating.Ifthepersonlookscool,theproductseemscool,too.Thisisthesecretofundercover（暗中影响的）marketing.

Undercovermarketingisimportantbecauseitreachespeoplethatdon’tpayattentiontotraditionaladvertising.ThisisparticularlytrueoftheMTVgeneration--consumersbetweentheageof18and34.Itisagoldengroup.Theyhavealotofmoneytospend,buttheydon’ttrustads.

Soadvertisingagencieshireyoungactors"perform"inbarsandotherplaceswhereyoungadultsgo.SomepeoplemightcallthisPracticedeceptive,butmarketingexecutiveJonathanResslercallsitcreative."Lookatthetraditionaladvertising.Itseffectivenessisdecreasing.”However,onemightaskwhat"real"isexactlyaboutifyoungwomenpretendtobeenthusiasticaboutasweater?

Advertisingexecutiveswouldsayit'snolessrealthananad.Thedifferenceisthatyouknowanadistryingtopersuadeyoutobuysomething.Whileyoudon'tknowwhenaconversationyouoverhearisjustaperformance.

某同学写的概要:

①SomeattractivewomensayaLorenzoBertollaisbeautifulbutcheap,andyoubuyit.②Actuallythesestylishpeopleareemployedbyadvertisingagenciestodoundercovermarketing,whichaimsatpeoplewhodon’ttrustads.③Although,insomeadvertisingexecutives’opinion,itiscreativeandeffective,undercovermarketingisblamedfortheperformancewhichyouareunawareof.

名师点拨

1.议论和说明性文体通常围绕某个主题（topic/subject）展开。

2.概要写作的第一步便是阅读并抓取主题,进而提取主旨大意,即有关该主题的

主要内容或作者在该主题上的观点或主张。

这一过程被称为归纳主旨大意。

3.归纳主旨大意,是为了整体上把握语篇要义,有利于区分主次、剔除细节信息。

【名师导学】

一.阅读A、B、C三个段落,回答导学问题

导学问题

1.请用下划线在各段标出含有本段主旨大意的句子。

2.请分析这三个句子与所在段落中其他句子间的关系,并举例说明

A

Manythingsmaymakeyouangry.Youmaygetangrywhensomethingdoesn’tgoyourway.Maybeyougetmadatyourselfwhenyoudon’tunderstandyourhomeworkorwhenyourteamlosesanimportantgame.Maybeyourteachergaveyoutoomuchhomework.Ormaybeafriendborrowedyourfavoritevideogameandthenbrokeit.Thatmadeyouangry！

B

Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent.Ontheotherhand,nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessionalcriminal.Andthemanwhoknows"everything"mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness.So,itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance.

C

WhatisStandardEnglish?

IsitspokeninBritain,theUS,Canada,Australia,IndiaandNewZealand?

Believeitornot,thereisnosuchthingasStandardEnglish.ManypeoplebelievetheEnglishspokenonTVandtheradioisStandardEnglish.Thisisbecauseintheearlydaysofradio,thosewhoreportedthenewswereexpectedtospeakexcellentEnglish.However,onTVandtheradioyouwillheardifferencesinthewaypeoplespeak.

名师点拔

1.议论和说明性文体时常含有概括全段主要内容的句子,即段落主旨句（topsentence）

2.段落主旨句作为段落的核心句子,受到段落中其他句子的支撑,即其他句子为段落主旨句提供支持性细节。

3.受英语开门见山、直切主题的表达特点的影响,段落主旨句多在段首。

少数主旨句可能出现在段中或段尾。

二、请阅读下面这个段落以及三位同学给出的段落主旨句,回答导学问题

导学问题

3.哪位同学给出的段落主旨句比较合理?

为什么?

So why has English changed over time?

 Actually all languages change and develop whencultures meet and communicate with each other. At first the English spoken in England betweenabout AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today. It was based more onGerman than the English we speak at present. Then gradual between about AD 800 and 1150English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and laterFrench. These new settlers enriched the English language and especially its vocabulary. So bythe 1600s, Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. In 1620some British settlers moved to America. Later in the 18th century, some British people weretaken to Australia, too. English began to be spoken in both countries.

三位同学给出的段落主旨句:

同学1:

 Why has English changed over time?

同学 2:

 All languages change and develop when cultures meet and communicate with each other.

同学3:

 English changes as its culture meets and communicates with that of another.

名师点拨

1.不是所有的段落都有现成的段落主旨句,有的段落主旨句需要你根据段落内容予以归纳和概括。

2.归纳主旨大意时,既要回答“这段落关于什么?

（ What is the paragraphabout?

）”以抓住段落的主题（ topic/. subject）,又要回答“作者就该主题写了什么?

（ What is said about the subject?

）”以提炼出有关该主题的主要内容或作者就该主题。

提出的观点和主张。

三、阅读以下短文，回答导学问题。

导学问题

4.第一段的主旨向是第一句还是最后一句?

请说明理由。

5.以下哪句比较好地归纳了该短文的主旨大意?

请说明理由。

A.Althoughpreventionisbelievedtobebeneficial,moreattentionisgiventoheartsurgeries

thanpreventionprograms.

B.Althoughheartsurgerycanhelpalargenumberofpeoplewhoaresuffering

fromheartdisease,ithassomedisadvantages.

OneofthegreatestkillersintheWesternworldisheartdisease.Thedeathratefromthediseasehasbeenincreasingatanalarmingspeedforthepastthirtyyears.TodayinBritain,forexample,aboutfourhundredpeopleadaydieofheartdisease.Medicalexpertsknowthatpeoplecanreducetheirchancesofgettingheartdiseasebyexercisingregularly,bynotsmoking,bychangingtheirdietsandbypayingmoreattentiontoreducingstressintheirwork.

However,Westernhealth-caresystemsarestillnotpayingenoughattentiontothepreventionofthedisease.Thereisaneedformoreprogramstoeducatethepublicaboutthecausesandpreventionofheartdisease.Insteadofsupportingsuchprograms,however,theU.S.healthcaresystemisspendinglargesumsofmoneyonthesurgical（外科的））treatmentofthediseaseafteritdevelops.Thisemphasisontreatmentclearlyhassomethingtodowiththetechnologicaladvancesthathavetakenplaceinthepasttentofifteenyears.Inthistime,moderntechnologyhasenableddoctorstodevelopnewsurgicaltechniques.ManyoperationsthatwereconsideredimpossibleortooriskyafewyearsagoarenowperformedeverydayinU.S.hospitals.Theresulthadbeenahugeincreaseinheartsurgery.

Althoughthereisnodoubtthatheartsurgerycanhelpalargenumberofpeople,somepeoplepointoutthattheemphasisonthesurgicaltreatmentofthediseasehasthreecleardisadvantages.First,itattractsinterestandmoneyawayfromthequestionofprevention.Second,itcausesthecostsofgeneralhospitalcaretorise.Afterhospitalsbuytheexpensiveequipmentthatisnecessaryformodernheartsurgery,theymusttrytorecoverthemoneytheyhavespent.Todothis,theyraisecostsforalltheirpatients,notjustthosepatientswhosetreatmentrequirestheequipment.Thethirddisadvantageisthatdoctorsareencouragedtoperformsurgery--evenonpatientsforwhomanoperationisunnecessary--becausetheequipmentandexpertskillsarethere.Agovernmentofficerecentlystatedthatmajorheartsurgerywasoftenperformedeventhoughitschancesofsuccesswerelow.Inonetypeofheartsurgery,forexample,only15percentofpatientsimprovedtheirconditionsafterthesurgery.However,morethan100,000oftheseoperationsareperformedintheUnitedStateseveryyear.

名师点拨

1.确定段落主旨句时,还应该兼顾语篇大背景,即在全文主旨大意的统领下归纳段落主旨,将段落主旨纳入语篇主旨的架构中。

2.概括段落大意时,要在理清句与句之间关系的基础上抓住贯穿全段的中心意思。

3.有时候,段落第一句（和前几句）只是起到导入话题或过渡衔接的作用,而不是作为段落主旨句起到统领的作用。

4.归纳全文主旨大意时,需要理清段与段之间的关系,尤其关注段落之间的连接词和过渡句,以便更好地抓住贯穿全文的中心意思。

5.有时候,第一段（或前几段）只是起到导入话题的作用,和全文主旨没有直接关系。

【先试为快】

请阅读下面短文,并运用本节有关主旨大意归纳的微技能,完成文后学习任务。

Youareinadepartmentstoreandyouseeacoupleofattractiveyoungwomenlookingatthesweater.Youlistentotheconversation.

“Ican'tbelieveit--aLorenzoBertolla!

Theyarealmostimpossibletofind.Isn’titbeautiful?

Andit’salotcheaperthantheoneSaraboughtinRome.”

Theyleaveandyougoovertoseethisincrediblesweater.It'sniceandthepriceisright.You’veneverheardofLorenzoBertolla,butthosegirlslookedreallystylish.Theymustknow.Soyoubuyit.Youneverrealizethatthoseyoungwomenareemployeesofanadvertisingagency.TheyareactuallypaidtogofromstoretostoretalkingloudlyaboutLorenzoBertollaclothes.

Everydaywenoticewhatpeoplearewearing,drivingandeating.Ifthepersonlookscool,theproductseemscool,too.Thisisthesecretofundercover（暗中影响的）marketing.

Undercovermarketingisimportantbecauseitreachespeoplethatdon’tpayattentiontotraditionaladvertising.ThisisparticularlytrueoftheMTVgeneration--consumersbetweentheageof18and34.Itisagoldengroup.Theyhavealotofmoneytospend,buttheydon’ttrustads.

Soadvertisingagencieshireyoungactors"perform"inbarsandotherplaceswhereyoungadultsgo.SomepeoplemightcallthisPracticedeceptive,butmarketingexecutiveJonathanResslercallsitcreative."Lookatthetraditionaladvertising.Itseffectivenessisdecreasing.”However,onemightaskwhat"real"isexactlyaboutifyoungwomenpretendtobeenthusiasticaboutasweater?

Advertisingexecutiveswouldsayit'snolessrealthananad.Thedifferenceisthatyouknowanadistryingtopersuadeyoutobuysomethin