Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics.docx

Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics.docx

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Chapter1IntroductionstoLinguistics

Chapter1IntroductionstoLinguistics

I.Choosethebestanswer.（20%）

1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman_______B___

A.contactB.communicationC.relationD.community2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?

AA.treeB.typewriterC.crashD.bang3.Thefunctionofthesentence―Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.‖is_____C_____.

A.interrogativeB.directiveC.informativeD.performative

4.InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay―碎碎（岁岁）平安‖asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?

C

A.InterpersonalB.EmotiveC.PerformativeD.Recreational

5.Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituationC

A.TransferabilityB.DualityC.DisplacementD.Arbitrariness

6.Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?

B—Aniceday,isn’tit?

—Right!

Ireallyenjoythesunlight.

A.EmotiveB.PhaticC.PerformativeD.Interpersonal

7.______A____referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.

A.PerformanceB.CompetenceC.LangueD.Parole8.Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof____C______.A.culturaltransmissionB.productivityC.displacementD.duality

9.____A______answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.

A.PsycholinguisticsB.AnthropologicallinguisticsC.SociolinguisticsD.Appliedlinguistics

10._______C___dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation

A.LinguistictheoryB.PracticallinguisticsC.AppliedlinguisticsD.Comparativelinguistics

II.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.（10%）

11.Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.F12.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.F13.Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.T

14.Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.F

15.Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.F16.Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.F

17.F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.F

18.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.F

19.Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.F

20.Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.F

III.Fillintheblanks.（10%）

21.Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof____verbal______communication.

22.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed____productivity/creativity______.

23.Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis_______metalingualfunction___.

24.Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe__________theory.25.Linguisticsisthe_____scientific_____studyoflanguage.

26.Modernlinguisticsis___descriptive_______inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.

27.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof______speech____overwriting.

28.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa__________study.

29.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconceptsreferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

30.LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’s______.competence____.

IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.（20%）

31.Designfeature32.Displacement33.Competence34.Synchroniclinguistics

V.Answerthefollowingquestions.（20%）

35.Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?

Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?

（南开大学，2004）

36.Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?

（北京第二外国语大学，2004）

VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.（20%

37.Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?

（青岛海洋大学，1999）Key:

[Inthereferencekeys,Iwon’tgiveexamplesorfurtheranalysis.Thatseemstoomuchworkforme.Therefore,thiskeyisonlyforreference.Inordertoanswerthiskindofquestion,youneedmoreexamples.Soyoushouldreadthetextbookcarefully.–icywarmtea]I.

1~5BACCC6~10BACACII.

11~15FFTFF16~20FFFFFIII.

21.verbal22.productivity/creativity

23.metalingualfunction24.yo-he-ho25.scientific26.descriptive27.speech28.diachroniclinguistic29.langue30.competenceIV.

31.Designfeature:

Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.

32.Displacement:

Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication.

33.Competence:

Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.

34.Synchroniclinguistics:

Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.V.35.

Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseofEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.36.

Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.VI.37.

Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:

exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:

formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.

Chapter2SpeechSoundsI.Choosethebestanswer.（20%）

1.Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareonsentences.

A.intonationB.toneC.pronunciationD.voice2.Conventionallya__________isputinslashes（//）.

A.allophoneB.phoneC.phonemeD.morpheme3.Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.

A.analoguesB.tagmemesC.morphemesD.allophones

4.Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas_____B_____.

A.glottisB.vocalcavityC.pharynxD.uvula

5.Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.A.wideB.closingC.narrowD.centering6.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled_______D___.A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC.phonesD.allophones

7.Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?

B

A.AcousticphoneticsB.ArticulatoryphoneticsC.AuditoryphoneticsD.Noneoftheabove

8.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?

A

A.[n]B.[m]C.[b]D.[p]9.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?

B

A.[i:

]B.[u]C.[e]D.[i]10.Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?

B

A.VoicelessB.VoicedC.GlottalstopD.Consonant

II.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.（10%）

11.Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.

12.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.

13.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.

14.[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.

15.Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.

16.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.

17.Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.

18.Accordingtothelengthortensenes