美国文学诗人及作家主题与写作风格分析以及文学术语.docx

美国文学诗人及作家主题与写作风格分析以及文学术语.docx

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美国文学诗人及作家主题与写作风格分析以及文学术语

ErnestHemingway

ErnestHemingway（1899-1961）isanAmericannovelist,journalistandwarcorrespondent.Heistheleadingspokesmanofthe“LostGeneration”,awardedtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1954.

（Thematicpatterns）

（1）TheLostGeneration:

describedin“TheSunalsoRises”（1926）.Thegenerationwas“lost”inthesensethattheyweredisillusionedwiththewar-wreckedworldandspirituallyalienatedfromacivilizationandreplacedbydespairoracynicalhedonism.

（2）TheHemingwayCodeHero:

describedin“TheOldManandTheSea”（1952）.Amancanbephysicallydestroyedbutneverdefeatedspiritually.（Lifeisfulloftensionandbattles,theworldisinchaosandmanisalwaysfightingdesperatelyalosingbattle.Thosewhosurviveandperhapsemergevictoriousintheprocessofseekingtomasterthecodewithasetofprinciplessuchashonor,courage,endurance,wisdomareknownas"theHemingwaycode".）

（3）Icetheory:

Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.Typicalofthis"iceberg"analogyisHemingway'sstyle.Itmeans“Lessismore”.:

Hisnovel“IndianCamp”hasfour“Icebergs”astheshadow.）

Application:

Hemingway’sCodeHeroisembodiedin“IndianCamp".ItrelatesthestoryofyoungNickwatchinghisfatherdeliveranIndianwomanofababybycaesariansectionwithajack-knifeandwithoutanesthesiatorelievethepain.Inthisnovel,Hemingway'sconcernaboutviolenceanddeathbyrevealingNick'sfeelingofperplexity,anxietyandterroroverthemiseryoflifeanddeath.Hemingwayintroducedusfivemedicalknowledgeinthenovelthroughthefather’steaching.

（Writingstyle）

（1）Hemingway'snovelarebasedonusingshort,simpleandconventionalwordsandsentences,preciseimagery,andanimpersonal,dramatictone.Nodetailiswasted.（"Lessismore"）.

（2）Heisgoodatusing“IcebergTheory”,andcolloquialstyle.

（3）Hemingwaydevelopsthestyleofco1loquialism,understatementandsymbolism.

（4）Theaccentsandmannerismsofhumanspeecharewellpresented,sothecharactersarefulloffleshandblood.

HenryDavidThoreau

HenryDavidThoreau（1817-1862）isanAmericanessayist,poetandphilosopher.HeistherepresentativeofthephilosophicalandliteraryschoolofAmericanTranscendentalism.In1845hebuiltacabinbesidetheWaldenPondandlivedthereinaverysimplemannerforovertwoyears,whichgavebirthtoagreattranscendentalistwork—Walden（1854）.

（Writingstyle）

Hisliterarystyleinterweavesclosenaturalobservation,personalexperience,pointedrhetoric,symbolicmeanings,andhistoricallore,whiledisplayingapoeticsensibility,philosophicalausterity,and"Yankee"loveofpracticaldetail.Usepreciselanguage,longandcomplexparagraphsandsentencesandvivid,detaileddescriptions,madeitlucid,simplywroughtandunpretentious.

（Theme）

（1）ForThoreau,natureisnotmerelysymbolicbutdivineinitselfandhumanbeingscanreceiveprecisecommunicationfromthenaturalworldbywayofpuresenses.

（2）Hebelievedinself-cultureandwaseagertoidentifyhimselfwiththeTranscendentalimageoftheself-reliantman.hethinks,themostimportantthingformentodowiththeirlivesistobeself-sufficient.

（3）Heemphasizedindividualconscienceandevenconsideredthesocietyfettersofthefreedomofindividuals.

Waldenisareflectionuponsimplelivinginnaturalsurroundings,itemphasizestheimportanceofself-reliance,solitude,contemplation,andclosenesstonatureintranscendingthe"desperate"existence.Mainlyexpressesacritiqueofconsumerismandcapitalism.Hedoesnotperceivenatureasadeadandpassiveobjectofconquestandexploitation.

WaltWhitman

Whitman（1819-1892）isanAmericanpoet,essayist,journalistandhumanist.Hewasapartofthetransitionbetweentranscendentalismandrealism,andwasalsocalled“thefatherofverse”.

（Writingstyle）

（1）Whitman'spoeticstyleismarkedbytheuseofthepoetic"I".

（2）Whitmanisalsoradicallyinnovativeintermsoftheformofhispoetry,suchasadopted"freeverse".

（3）Whitmanisconversationalandcasual,inthefluid,expansive,andunstructuredstyleoftalking.UsingParallelismandphoneticatthebeginningofthelines.

（4）Hisvocabularyisamazing,heisgoodatusingpowerful,colorfulwordsandoralEnglish.

（Theme）

Hispoetryisfilledwithoptimisticexpectationandenthusiasmaboutnewthingsandnewepoch.

（1）Heshowsconcernforthewholehard-workingpeopleandtheburgeoninglifeofcities.

（2）Headvocatestherealizationoftheindividua1value.Mostofthepoemsin“LeavesofGrass”singofthe"en-mass"andtheselfaswell.

（3）Pursuitofloveandhappinessisapprovedofrepeatedlyandaffectionatelyinhislines.

（4）SomeofWhitman'spoemsarepoliticallycommitted.

Hismajorwork“LeavesofGrass”commandsgreatattentionbecauseofitsuniquelypoeticembodimentofAmericandemocraticideals.Heisthepoetofthecommonpeopleandtheprophetandsingerofdemocracy.

Inthispoetrycollection,

（1）Openness,freedom,andindividualismareallconcerned.

（2）Itbringsthehard-workingfarmersandlaborersintoAmericanliterature,attacktheslaverysystemandracialdiscrimination.

（3）Itextolsnature,democracy,laborandcreation,andsingsofman'sdignityandequality,andofthebrightestfutureofmankind.Mostofthepoemsin“LeavesofGrass”singofthe"en-mass"andtheselfaswell.

　Theworkwastoexpresssomenewpoeticalfeelingsandtoinitiateapoetictraditionandhebelievedthatpoetrycouldplayavita1partintheprocessofcreatinganewnation.

文学术语

超验主义

Transcendentalismisalsocalled“NewEnglandTranscendentalism”.Asaphilosophicalandliterarymoment,Itflourishedfrom1810to1836aroundConcord,Massachusetts.ItwasrepresentedbyWaltWhitman,HermanMelville,andNathanielHawthorne.Ithasfivecharacteristics:

individualism,self-reliance,returningtonature,intuitionandnationalconsciousness.

Epic散文史诗

Itisalongnarrativepoemtellingofheroicdeedsofreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.ThenovelMoby-DickbyHermanMelvilleisregardedastheGreatAmericanNovel.

Verse自由体

Itispoetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.ItwasinventedbyWaltWhitmanandpopularusedin“LeavesofGrass.”

CodeHero海明威式的硬汉

ItreferstosomeprotagonistsinHemingway'sworks.Inhisnovels,lifeisfulloftensionandbattles.Theworldisinchaosandmanisalwaysfightingdesperatelyalosingbattle.Thosewhosurviveandperhapsemergevictoriousintheprocessofseekingtomasterthecodewithasetofprinciplessuchashonor,courage,endurance,wisdom,disciplineanddignityareknownas"theHemingwaycode".Amancanbephysicallydestroyedbutneverdefeatedspiritually.Itisdescribedin“TheOldMenandtheSea.”

5.LostGeneration迷惘一代

TheLostGenerationwasagroupofrebelliousyouthappearedinAmericaaftertheFirstWorldWar.ItisrepresentedbyHemingway.It’sdescribedin“TheSunAlsoRises.”The generation was “lost” in the sense that they were disillusioned with the war-wrecked world and spiritually alienated from a civilization and  replaced by despair or a cynical hedonism.

theory冰山理论

Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovethewater.Typicalofthis"iceberg"analogyisHemingway'sstyle.Hemingway'sstyleisactuallypolishedandtightlycontro1led,buthighlysuggestiveandconnotative.Itmeans“lessismore.”

7.Internationaltheme国际主题

HenryJame’streatmentwiththec1ashesbetweentwodifferentculturesandtheemotionalandmoralproblemsofAmericansinEurope,orEuropeansinAmerica.

8.LocalColorism地方色彩

LocalColorismisauniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.Localcolorismconcernedwiththelifeofasmall,well-definedregionorprovince,whicharemarkedbyitscustoms,dialects,customs,landscapeorotherpeculiarities.ItwasrepresentedbyMarkTwain,especiallyinMississippilifeinMississippiriver.

诗歌

Historicalbackground：

EmilyDickinson（1830-1886）,thebest-knownfemalepoetinAmericanliterature.Herpoems,aswellasWaltWhitman's,wereconsideredasapartof"Americanrenaissance";theywereregardedaspioneersofimagism.（三首诗都可以写上去的，是诗人背景）

DiedforBeauty（EmilyDickinson）我为美而死去（艾米莉·狄金森）

Idiedforbeauty－－butwasscarce我为美而死，却还不曾

AdjustedintheTomb在墓中安息，

WhenonewhodiedforTruth，waslain一个殉真理的烈士

IntheadjoiningRoom－－就成了我的近邻

Hequestionedsoftly“WhyIfailed”他轻声问我“你为何而丧生

“Forbeauty，”Ireplied－－我会说：

“为了美”

“AndI－－forTruth－－ThemselfareOne“我为真理，真与美本是一体“

WeBrethren，are，”Hesaid－－他说：

“我们也是兄弟”

Andso，asKinsmen，metaNight－－于是，我们像亲戚在黑夜里相逢。

WetalkedbetweentheRooms－－隔着那坟墓喋喋低语，

UntiltheMosshadreachedourlips－－直到青苔爬到了唇际

Andcoveredup－－ournames－－遮住了那墓碑上———我们的名字。

评论：

Summary:

The speaker says that she died for Beauty, but she was hardly adjusted to her tomb before a man who died for Truth was laid in a tomb next to her. When the two softly told each other why they died, the man declared that Truth and Beauty are the same, so that he and the speaker were "Brethren." The speaker says that they met at night, "as Kinsmen," and talked between their tombs until the moss reached their lips and covered up the names on their tombstones.

Themes:

eternityofdeathandbeautybydescribingthemomentofdeath

2.Beautyistruth,truthisbeauty.

3.Nomatterwhatpeoplediedfor,theirnameswouldbefadedawayaftertimepassed.

4.anoptimismabouttheafterlife（来世）withbarelysublimated（使纯化，使理想化）terroraboutthefactofdeath

Features:

1.ThispoemfollowsmanyofDickinson’stypicalformpatterns--theABCBrhymescheme,therhy