新概念语言学.docx

新概念语言学.docx

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新概念语言学

GeneralLinguistics:

ANewConceptorNewConceptGeneralLinguistics

新概念语言学

2007．9

2007级研究生试用

LiaoMeizhen

I.Courseinformationandrequirements

1．Theinstructor:

LiaoMeizhen

2．Thetypeofthecourse:

compulsory

3．Credits:

2

4．Classhours:

2

5．Wayofteaching:

Instructionanddiscussion

6.Grading:

classperformance,20%;paperwriting,80%.

7.ContentsandAimsofthecourse

Thecourseisdevotedtodiscussionofsuchthingsasthenatureoflanguage,therelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought,languageandcultureandlanguageandsociety,thefunctionsoflanguage,thefieldsandareasoflinguistics,theschoolsoflinguistics,therelationshipoflinguistictheoryanduseoflanguage.Theaimofthiscourseistohelpthestudentstohaveagoodknowledgeoftheabove-mentionedthings,developindividualinsightsintolanguageandlinguisticsandgetpreparedforfuturestudiesandresearchinlanguageandlinguistics.

8.子曰：

“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆”。

TheMastersaid,“Hewholearnsbutdoesnotthink,islost.Hewhothinksbutdoesnotlearnisingreatdanger.”

Readextensivelyandintensivelyinlinguistics,makesurethatyouhaveathoroughunderstandingofwhatyouread,keepyourmindopen,readcritically（trytofindfaultwhatyouread）,donotfollowanybodyblindly,thinkwhilereading,keepnoteswhilereadingofyourfindingsandyourowninspirations.

9.Topicsforpaperwriting:

（1）Forstudentsoftranslation

Useanylinguistictheory,modelorapproachtoanalyze,orcriticizeLiaoMeizhen’stranslationofJackLondon’snovel“BeforeAdam.”（在亚当之前）（WriteinChinese）

（2）Forstudentsofliterature

Useanylinguistictheory,modelorapproachtoanalyzeRobertFrost’spoem“StoopingbyawoodsonaSnowyEvening”orLuXun’snovel“TheTrueStoryofAhQ.”（WriteinEnglish）

（3）Forstudentsoflinguistics

Useanylinguistictheory,modelorapproachtoanalyzeapieceofconversationorsocialinteractionyoucollectedyourself（WriteinEnglish）.

II.Mainreferencebooks

1.FerdinandDeSaussure,1959.CourseinGeneralLinguistics.PhilosophicalLibraryInc.

2.Bolinger,Dwight.AspectsofLanguage.2nded.NewYork:

HarcourtBraceJovanovich,Inc.,1975.

*Emphasizingtheenormousvarietyoflanguage.

3.Robins,R.H.GeneralLinguistics.LongmanGroupLimited,1964.

4.Bloomfield,Leonard.Language.NewYork:

Holt,RinehartandWinston,1933.（2001,外语教学与研究出版社）。

5.Traugott,ElizabethCloss.&Pratt,MaryLouise,1980.LinguisticsforStudentsofLiterature.HarcourtBraceJovanovich,Inc.

*Anidealbookforstudentsofliterature,whowanttoapproachliteraturefromalinguisticperspective.

6.徐通锵，《语言论》，东北师范大学出版社，1997。

*AgoodbookforthoseofyouwhowanttodocomparativestudiesinChineseandEnglish.

7.胡壮麟，姜望琪，《语言学教程》，北京大学出版社，2001。

*Introductoryandcomprehensive.

8.刘润清，《西方语言学流派》，外语教学与研究出版社，2002。

*Concentratingonschoolsoflinguistics.

9.Fromkin,Victoria,andRobertRodman.AnIntroductiontoLanguage.2nded.NewYork:

Holt,ReinhartandWinston,Inc.,1978.

*Mostintroductoryandmostcomprehensive,includingchaptersonanimalcommunication,languageandthebrainandlanguagechange.

10.Falk,JuliaS.LinguisticsandLanguage:

ASurveyofBasicConceptsandImplications.2nded.NewYork:

JohnWileyandSons,1978.

*Emphasizingtheenormousvarietyoflanguage.

11.Greenberg,JosephH.ANewInvitationtoLinguistics.GardenCity,N.Y.:

AnchorBooks,1977.

*Anoutstandingintroductiontotolanguageanditsuseinsocialcontext.

12.Lyons,John.IntroductiontoTheoreticalLinguistics.LondonandNewYork:

CambridgeUniversityPress,1968.

*Anidealreferencebook

13.Sapir,Edward.Language:

AnIntroductiontotheStudyofSpeech.NewYork:

HarcourtBraceJovanovich,Inc.,1921.

*Oneoftheclassicsoflinguistics,focusingonmanyareasofvitalinterestincontemporarylinguistics,especiallylanguageandmind,andlanguageandvariedsocialandculturalgroups.

III.ContentsoftheCourseGeneralLinguistics

1．Whatislinguistics?

2．Whatislanguage?

3．Fieldsoflinguistics

3.1Phonetics

3.2Phonology

3.3Morphology

3.4Semantics

3.5Pragmatics

3.6GenerativeSyntax

3.7FunctionalSyntax

4．Languageandthought

5．Languageandculture

6．Languageandsociety

7．Descriptivestudyandprescriptivestudy

8．Synchronicstudyanddiachronicstudy

9．Schoolsoflinguistics

10.FerdinanddeSaussure

11.Structuralism

11-1BoasandSapir

11-2Bloomfield

11-3Post-Bloomfieldianlinguistists

12.ChomskyandTransformationalandGenerativeGrammar

13.Functionalism

13-1ThePragueSchoolandtheCopenhagenSchool

13-2LondonSchool

13-2-1Malinowski

13-2-2Firth

13-2-3Halliday

14.Others

14-1StratificationalGrammar

14-2CaseGrammar

14-3GenerativeSemantics

14-4RelationalGrammar

IV.Whatis（general）linguistics?

1.Definitions

1.1Generallinguisticsisthescienceoflanguage.

Itisconcernedwithhumanlanguageasauniversalandrecognizablepartofhumanbehaviorandofthehumanfaculties,perhapsoneofthemostessentialtohumanlifeasweknowit,andoneofthemostfar-reachingofhumancapabilitiesinrelationtothewholespanofmankind’sachievements（R.H.Robins,1964）

1.2《辞海》

语言学：

研究语言的科学。

同哲学、心理学、历史学、文学和自然科学技术均有密切的联系。

分理论语言学和具体语言学；前者研究人类语言的一般规律，后者研究具体语言的存在和发展的规律，如汉语语言学、英语语言学，根据不同的研究目的，具体语言学又可分为描写语言学和历史语言学，前者研究语言在某一时期的状态，后者研究语言的古今演变。

此外，为研究语言实践问题，特别是同通讯科学技术，机器翻译，语言教学和语言运用等有关的语言实践问题，又分出应用语言学、数理语言学、心理语言学和社会语言学等。

语言学的内部分科由语音学、语文学、语法学、语用学等。

语言研究已经有二千多年的历史，中国，印度，希腊是世界上最早研究语言的国家。

（1989年版）（第447页）

1.3Thesubjectmatter

Thesubjectmatteroflinguisticscomprisesallmanifestationsofhumanspeech,whetherthatofsavagesorcivilizednations,orofarchaic,classicalordecadentperiods.Ineachperiodthelinguistmustconsidernotonlycorrectspeechandflowerylanguage,butallotherformsofexpressionaswell.Andthatisnotall:

sinceheisoftenunabletoobservespeechdirectly,hemustconsiderwrittentexts,foronlythroughthemcanhereachidiomsthatareremoteintimeorspace.（deSaussure,1916,p.6）

1.4Thescopeoflinguistics

Thescopeoflinguisticsshouldbe:

a）todescribeandtracethehistoryofallobservablelanguages,whichamountstotracingthehistoryoffamiliesoflanguagesandreconstructingasfaraspossiblethemotherlanguageofeachfamily;

b）todeterminetheforcesthatarepermanentlyanduniversallyatworkinalllanguages,andtodeducethegenerallawstowhichallspecifichistoricalphenomenacanbereduced;and

c）todelimitanddefineitself.（deSaussure,1916,p.6）

1.5Generallinguisticsasascience.

Inthewidesttermsitreferstothefactthatthestudyoflanguageingeneralandoflanguagesinparticularisconsideredworthyofscholarlyattentionandthatasystematicbodyoffactsandtheoryisbuiltaroundit.

Inmorespecificandparticularterms,itindicatestheattitudetakenbythelinguisttodaytowardshissubject.Insayingthatlinguisticsisascienceinthestrictersense,oneissayingthatitdealswithaspecificbodyofmaterial,namelyspokenandwrittenlanguage,andthatitproceedsbyoperationsthatbanbepubliclycommunicatedanddescribed,andjustifiedbyreferencetostatableprinciplesandtoatheorycapableofformulation.Itspurposeinthisproceedingistheanalysisofthematerialandthemakingofgeneralstatementsthatsummarize,andasfaraspossiblerelatetorulesandregularities,theinfinitevarietyofphenomena（utterancesinspeechorwriting）thatfallwithinitsscope.Initsoperationsandstatementsitisguidedbythreecanonsofscience:

（1）Exhaustiveness,theadequatetreatmentofalltherelevantmaterial;

（2）Consistency,theabsenceofcontradictionbetweendifferentpartsofthetotalstatement;and,withinthelimitsimposedbythetwoprecedingprinciples;

（3）Economy,whereby,otherthingsbeingequal,ashorterstatementoranalysisemployingfewertermsistobepreferredtoonethatislongerormoreinvolved.Thisissometimesreferredtoasthe‘capturingofgeneralizations’.

Itisanempiricallybasedscience,inthatitssubject-matterisobservablewiththesenses,speechasheard,themovementsofthevocalorgansasseendirectlyorwiththeaidofinstruments,thesensationsofspeakingasperceivedbyspeakers,andwritingasseenandread.Nolinguistwoulddisownempiricisminlinguistics.

Linguisticsisalsooneofthesocialsciences,inthatthephenomenaformingitssubject-matterarepartofthebehaviorormenandwomeninsociety,ininteractionwiththeirfellows.Theessenceoflanguageandvastmajorityofitsusesinvolvetwoormorepersonsinsocialintercourse.

1.6Differencebetweengenerallinguisticsandstudyofindividuallanguages

Generallinguisticsisconcernedwithhumanlanguageasauniversalandrecognizablepartofhumanbehaviorandofthehumanfaculties,perhapsoneofthemostessentialtohumanlifeasweknowit,andoneofthemostfar-reachingofhumancapabilitiesinrelationtothewholespanofmankind’sachievements.

Alllanguagessharesomefeaturesincommon,whetherinpronunciations,grammaticalorganization,orexpressivepower.

Theevidencefortherecognitionandstudyoftheprovinceofthegenerallinguistcomesfromtheindividualactuallanguagesoftheworldandfromtheirspeakersandwriters,pastandpresent.

Thereareatleastthreethousandlanguagesintheworld.

Itisimpossibleforagenerallinguisttoknowabouteverylanguage.Heusuallyconcentratesonalimitednumberoflanguagesincludinghisownlanguage.Themorelanguagesalinguistknows,andthedeeperheknowseachlanguage,thebetterheisequippedforhissubject.

Allthelanguagesoftheworldandallthedifferentusestowhichinthevariouscircumstancesofmank