软件工程导论第5版考试知识点汇集Introduction to software engineering Fifth Edition.docx

软件工程导论第5版考试知识点汇集Introduction to software engineering Fifth Edition.docx

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软件工程导论第5版考试知识点汇集IntroductiontosoftwareengineeringFifthEdition

软件工程导论（第5版）考试知识点汇集（Introductiontosoftwareengineering（FifthEdition））

Methods:

thedecompositionofdatafromtoptobottom,whendecomposedintoelementsthatdonotneedtobefurtherdefined,andeachprojectrelatedpersoniswellawareofitsimplications,isthenbrokendown.

2.6cost/benefitanalysiscostestimation:

thecostofsoftwaredevelopmentismainlyhumanconsumption

Cost/benefitanalysismethods:

first,estimatecostsandbenefits;thencomparecostsandbenefitsandjudgewhethertodevelopfromaneconomicperspective.1,thetimevalueofthecurrency;2,theinvestmentrecoveryperiod;3,netincome;4,theinvestmentrecoveryrate.

Thethirdchapter:

requirementanalysis

3.1,thetaskofneedsanalysis

Mission:

accuratelydefinethegoalsofthefuturesystemanddeterminewhatthesystemhastodotomeettheneedsofitsusers.

Requirementscomposition:

businessrequirements,userrequirements,systemrequirements;

3.2,communicatewithuserstoobtainrequirements:

A,interview,B,datafloworientedtop-downrefinement

C,asimpleapplicationspecificationtechnique;D,rapidlyprototypingsoftware

3.3,analysismodelingandspecification

Consistof:

（1）Introduction:

writingpurpose,backgrounddescription,terminologydefinitionandreferencematerial,etc..

（2）outliningthemainfunctions,constraints,orspecialneeds.

（3）dataflowdiagramanddatadictionary.

（4）userinterface,hardwareinterfaceandsoftwareinterface.

（5）performancerequirements,attributes,etc..

（6）otherrequirements,suchasdatabase,operationandtroubleshooting,etc..

1）analysismodeling

Model

Anabstractofsomethinginordertounderstandsomething,anunambiguouswrittendescriptionofsomething

Consistingofasetofgraphicalsymbolsandrulesthatorganizethesesymbols.

Modelingmethod

Datamodelentityrelationdiagram;functionmodeldataflowdiagram;behaviormodel-statetransitiondiagram

2）softwarerequirementsspecification

Usuallyusenaturallanguage+model,complete,accurateandspecificdescriptionofsystemdatarequirements,functionalrequirements,performancerequirements,reliabilityandavailabilityrequirements,errorhandlingrequirements,interfacerequirements,constraints,andreversedemandwhichmaybeinthefuture.

3.4,entityrelationdiagram（E-Rdiagram）

Thefifthchapter:

overalldesign

5.1designprocess

Systemdesignphase:

determinethespecificimplementationofthesystem;structuraldesignphase:

determinethestructureofthesoftware

Themaintaskoftheoveralldesignistocompletethedesignofthesoftwarestructure,andtodeterminetherelationshipbetweenthemoduleanditsmodules.

5.2designprinciples

The1.module:

theprogramisdividedintoindependentnamingandindependentaccessmodule,eachmoduletocompleteasubfunctionofthemodulesareintegratedtogethertoformawhole,completefunctionandmeettherequirementsofusers.

2.abstraction:

theessentialnatureofabstracttransactionswithoutconsideringtheirdetailsforthetimebeing.

3.stepbysteprefinement;4.informationhidingandlocalization;5.moduleindependence;

5.3heuristicrules:

1.improvethesoftwarestructuretoimprovemoduleindependence

The2.moduleismoderateinscale

3.propercontrolofdepth,width,fanoutandfanin

4,thescopeofthemoduleshouldbewithinthecontroldomain

5,reducethecomplexityoftheinterface

6,singleout,singleentry,avoidcontentcoupling

7,modulefunctionpredictable

Thesixthchapter:

detaileddesign

6.1structureprogramming

Classicaldefinition

The3basiccontrolstructuresareconnectedonlybysequence,selection,andloop,andeachblockhassingleentryandsingleexitcharacteristics

Comprehensivedefinition

AsfewaspossibleGOTOprogrammingmethod.ItisbettertouseGOTOstatementsonlywhenerrorsaredetected,andshouldalwaysuseforwardGOTOstatements

Themaintasksofdetaileddesign?

Writeadetaileddesignspecificationforthesoftware:

（1）determinethealgorithmforeachmodule,selectanappropriatetooltoexpressthealgorithm,andwritethedetailedprocessdescriptionofthemodule

（2）determinethedatastructureusedbyeachmodule

（3）determinethedetailsofthemodulestructure,includinginterfacestothesystemandtheuserinterface,interfacestoothermoduleswithinthesystem,andallthedetailsaboutthemodule'sinputdata,outputdata,andlocaldata

（4）designasetoftestcasesforeachmoduleinordertotestthemodulecode（i.e.,program）attheencodingstage

Programcontrolstructure:

anyprogramlogiccanberepresentedbythreebasicstructures:

sequential,choiceandloop,andtwoextendedstructures,selectionandloop.

6.2man-machineinterfacedesign

Rationale:

1.systemresponsetime;2.userassistancefacility

3.errormessageprocessing;4.commandinteraction

Humancomputerinterfacedesignguide

Generalinteractiveguide

Informationdisplayguide

DataentryGuide

6.3toolsforprocessdesign

1.programflowchart,2.boxdiagram（N-Schart）,3.PADdiagram-problemanalysischart4.decisiontable

6.4dataorienteddesignmethods

1.,Jacksondiagram2.,improvedJacksondiagram,3.Jacksonmethod

Theseventhchapter:

Implementation

7.1encoding

Definition:

translatingsoftwaredesignresultsintoprogramswritteninaprogramminglanguage

Generalguidelinesforselectingprogramminglanguages:

?

Systemuserrequirements

Thecompiledprogramthatyoucanuse

Availablesoftwaretools

Engineeringscale?

Programmer'sknowledge?

Softwareportabilityrequirements?

Applicationareasofsoftware

Codedtasks:

translatetheproceduraldescriptionofamoduleintoasourcelanguage（sourcecode）writteninlanguageusingtheselectedprogramminglanguage.

Codingstyleguidelines.

（1）sourcecode:

includeproperidentifiers,appropriateannotations,reasonablelayoutandclarityofprogramlists;

（2）data:

datastructureordatatypethattheorderofstandardization;thenameofthevariableasfaraspossible;oncomplexdatastructurestoillustratetheimplementationmethodofthedatastructureintheprogramdesigninthenotes.

（3）thestatementstructureissimple:

don'tsavespacewillwritemultiplestatementsonthesameline;toavoidthecomplicatedconditionsandnonconditiontest;avoidusingnestedloopsandnestedconditions;bracketsuseistomakelogicalexpressionsandarithmeticoperationsinordertoclearandintuitiveexpression.

Efficiency:

（4）consideringthetimememoryefficiency,input/outputrunningefficiency;indealingwiththerelationshipbetweenprogramcorrectness,clarityandefficiencybetweenthefirstfortheprogramrightafterthefast;firstforclearandfast;inordertokeeptheprogramsimplefast;writeclearlyisnotclear"efficiency"sacrifice.

7.2softwaretestingfoundation

Thegoalofsoftwaretestingistofindandeliminateasmanybugsaspossibleinthesoftware,andfinallygiveahighqualitysoftwaresystemtotheuser

Softwaretestingcriteria

（1）alltestsshouldbetraceabletouserrequirements

（2）atestplanshouldbeworkedoutbeforethetestbegins

Oncetherequirementsmodelhasbeencompleted,youcanproceedwiththedevelopmentofthetestplan

Afterbuildingthedesignmodel,youcanstartdesigningdetailedtestscenarios

（3）Paretoprinciple:

80%oftheerrorsfoundinthetestarelikelytobecausedby20%ofthemodulesintheprogram.Thequestionishowtofindthesesuspiciousmodulesandtestthemthoroughly

（4）startwith"smallscale"testandgraduallycarryoutlarge-scaletest

First,focusontestingasingleprogrammodule,thenfocusontestingtheintegrationmoduleclusterandeventuallylookingforbugsthroughoutthesystem

（5）testcasesshouldbecomposedoftwoparts:

inputdataandexpectedoutputresults,takingintoaccountbothreasonableinputandunreasonableinputdata

（6）exhaustivetestingisoutofthequestion

Exhaustivetestingisthetestofallpossibleexecutionpathsofaprogram

（7）inordertoachievethebesttestresults,thetestworkshouldbeconductedbythirdindependentparties

Softwaretestingmethod

Statictesting:

thebasicfeatureofsoftwareistoanalyze,checkandreviewthesoftware,andnotactuallyrunthesoftwarebeingtested.

Dynamictesting:

byrunningsoftwaretocheckthedynamicbehaviorofsoftwareandthecorrectnessofrunningresults

Softwaretestingprocedure:

1.moduletest,2.subsystemtest,3.systemtest

4.acceptancetest5.paralleloperation

7.3unittest

Unittests:

moduleinterfaces;localdatastructures;importantexecutionchannels;boundaryconditions;errorhandlingpathways

7.4whiteboxtestingtechnology

Logicalcoverage

Logicalcoverageisthedesignoftestcasesbasedonthelogicalstructureoftheprogram.

Statementcoverage

Decisioncoverage

Conditionalcoverage

Decisionconditioncoverage

Conditionalcombinationcovering

Pathcoverage

7.5blackboxtestingtechnology

1,equivalenceclasspartition

Theinputfieldofaprogram（allpossibleinputdata）isdividedintoseveraldataclasses

2.Boundaryvalueanalysis

3.Errorguessing:

itisalistofpossibleerrorsanderrorsthatmayariseintheprogram,andchoosethetestplanaccordingtothem

7.6debugging

Debuggingistheprocessofremovingerrorsafterthetestfindstheerror

Thefirststep:

determinethelocationoftheerror（95%workload）;

Thesecondstep:

correctthemistake.

Debuggingapproach-debuggingstrategy

1.,verydry:

printthecontentsofmemory,fromthesearchforthewrongclues,isthelowestefficiencyprogramdebuggingmethods.

2.backtracking:

startwiththeprocedureoffindingtheproblemandmanuallyt