非谓语动词讲解22.docx
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非谓语动词讲解22
非谓语动词讲解
一、非谓语动词就是在句子中不作谓语的动词。
常分为不定式(todo)、动名词(doing)、分词(现在分词doing、过去分词done)三种。
二、不定式的形式有:
todotobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendone
动名词或现在分词的形式有:
doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone
过去分词的形式有:
done
三、如果非谓语动词是及物动词,主要看它与逻辑主语之间是主动或是被动关系。
如果非谓语动词是不及物动词,则主要看它是正在进行或是已完成。
四、原则上,不定式表将来要进行或具体的一次动作;动名词表示正在发生或经常发生的动作;过去分词表示已经完成的动作。
五、非谓语动词解题时,第一看它与逻辑主语的关系,确定该使用主动还是被动;第二看它与谓语动词之间发生的时间先后顺序。
如果非谓语动词发生在谓语动词之前,用完成式;如果非谓语动词与谓语动词几乎同时发生,用一般式;如果非谓语动词发生在谓语动词之后,用不定式。
六、被动和表语形容词后常用不定式;非谓语动词后带有介词时常用过去分词。
具体用法讲解:
(主要是非谓语动词在同一成分中的用法辨析)
做主语:
(doing/todo)
一般来说,不定式和动名词都可以作主语。
但动名词作主语时,表示客观性、一般性、经常性的行为;而不定式作主语则表示一次性、具体性行为。
Lookingafterchildrenisherjob.Tocleantheclassroomishisjobtoday.
Ilikeswimming,butIdon'tliketoswimtodaybecauseIdon'tfeelwell.
做宾语:
(doing/todo)
(1).有些动词只能接不定式做宾语,这些动词接上不定式,含有明显的主观性和将来性意义。
如:
help,hope,ask,refuse,decide,promise,wish,pretend,expect,arrange,learn,plan,demand,dare,manage,agree,prepare,fail,determine,offer,choose,desire,elect,long,(happen,seem),等等。
Herefusedtospeakontheradio.Hedesiredtoseeyou.
(2).有些动词只接动名词做宾语,这些动词接上动名词,含有明显的"依据往事或经验来作出理解和判断"的意思。
mind,finish,enjoy,suggest,permit,appreciate,consider,miss,dislike,keep(on),avoid,permit,imagine,risk,escape,admit,stand(忍受),allow,forbid,excuse,等等。
短语动词:
giveup,putoff,lookforwardto,feellike,insiston,objectto,prevent…from,setabout,can'thelp,be/getusedto等
短语:
beworthdoing,benogooddoing,benousedoing,bebusydoing等
(3).有些动词后面既可接不定式,又可接动名词,其意义基本相同,区别不大。
如;like,love,hate,delay,continue,attempt(企图),afford(提供),prefer.omit(省略),begin,start等.
Ipreferstaying(tostay)athomeonSunday.
注意:
begin和start本身为进行时,或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时,须接不定式。
(4).有些词后面既可以接不定式.亦可接动名词,但其意义有很大区别,须特别注意:
A.remember,forget,regret接动名词,表示完成意义(=havingdone),接不定式,表示将来意义:
PleaseremembertobringmethebookIwantnexttime.
Irememberseeingher(=havingseenher)somewherebefore.
B.mean:
meantodo=wanttodo打算,想要……;meandoing:
意味着,
C.stop:
stoptodo停下来,要干另一件事,不定式作目的状语;stopdoing停止干……,动名词作宾语。
D.try:
trytodo,努力,试图干……事;trydoing:
试着干……事
E.want,need,require接动名词表示被动意义,表示"需要、该……";接不定式,表示"想,要干……"
F.goon:
goontodo继续干和原来不同的另一件事,不定式作目的状语。
goondoing继续干原来同一件事,动名词作宾语。
G.动词advise,allow,permit,forbid后面接单宾语时用动名词,接复合宾语时用动词不定式。
如:
advisedoing/advisesb.todo
做宾补:
(doing/todo/done)
做宾补的不定式和现在分词与逻辑主语(就是宾语)是主动关系,不定式表示一次性、具体性行为,以及将来意义的行为;现在分词表示当时正在发生的进行意义的行为,亦可表示持续时间的延续性的行为动作。
过去分词与逻辑主语是被动关系,表示完成意义的行为或状态,及物动词的过去分词有被动意义,不及物动词的过去分词仍是主动意义。
WhenIcamein,Isawherdancinghappily.
IoftenhearhersingsongsinEnglishinherroom.
做表语:
(doing/todo/done)
不定式和动名词做表语解释主语内容,且可以和主语颠倒,意思仍然通顺,回答what的问题。
它们有时存在经常性和一次性行为的区别,过去分词做表语表明主语的性质、特征和状态,不能和主语颠倒,可以回答how的问题。
Herjobiscleaningoffices.(Whatisherjob?
)
(Cleaningofficesisherjob.)
做定语:
(doing/todo/done)
不定式做定语与先行词有动宾、主谓和解释先行词内容等关系,在时态上常是将来意义。
现在分词做定语是现在时或进行时态意义;过去分词做定语则是完成时态意义。
此外,不定式做定语时只能后置,不可前置,而单个分词做定语可前置,分词短语做定语则须后置。
动名词做定语,须前置,且要重读,它表明先行词的用途。
而分词做定语表明先行词的性质、特征和状态。
aswimmingboy=aboywhoisswimming
aswimmingpool=apoolforswimming
Thehousetobebuilt(=whichwillbebuilt/whichistobebuilt)nextyearwillbeournewlibrary.
Thehousebeingbuilt(=whichisbeingbuilt)nowwillbeournewlibrary.
Thehousebuilt(=whichwasbuilt)lastyearisournewlibrarynow.
做状语:
(doing/todo/done)
不定式和分词做状语各有不同分工。
动词不定式多做目的、结果和原因状语,且多放在句末;分词可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式状语,多置于句首,做伴随状语,多放在后面。
单独的动名词不能做状语,在介词后形成介词短语,从而做状语。
(1).目的状语:
通常有不定式表示,由于不定式的客观性和将来性特征。
不定式前还可加上inorder,soas来加强说话的口气。
但soasto通常不用于句首。
TheSmithshavegonetoLondontospendtheirholidays.
Icamehere(inorder/soas)tohearthereport.
(2).时间状语:
分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句。
现在分词作时间状语一般位于句首,表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生,有时现在分词前可以加上时间连词。
如果分词动作发生在谓语动词之前,用现在分词的完成体形式。
过去分词作时间状语与谓语动词构成同时性和被动意义。
分词前有时加上时间连词。
Arriving(=Whenhearrived)atthebusstop,hefoundhissisterthere.
Having(=Whenhehad)finishedhishomework,hewenttobed.
Seen(=Whenthetownisseen)fromthehill,thetownlooksmorebeautiful.
Whenaskedtomakeaspeech,hesaidhewasgladtodoso.
(3).原因状语:
不定式作原因状语往往用于形容词之后,这些形容词通常是happy,sorry,fortunate,angry,glad,ashamed,discouraged,delighted,frightened,shocked等。
分词作原因状语相当于原因状语从句。
一般位于句首。
Being(=Sincehewas)illalllastyear,helivedinasanatorium.
Having(=Sincetheyhad)beenaskedtostay,theycouldn'tpossiblyleaverightaway.
Moved(=Ashewasmoved)bytheheroicdeedsofthePLAman,heburstintotears.
(4).条件状语:
通常用分词来表示,相当于条件状语从句。
一般位于句首。
Given(=Ifhehadbeengiven)moretime,hewouldbeabletodobetter.
(5).结果状语从句:
不定式作结果状语通常用于so+形容词或副词+asto,such+名词+asto,too…to,enoughto和onlyto等结构。
现在分词作结果状语表示谓语动词的结果。
Hearrivedlatetofindthetraingone.
Iworkedlateintothenight,onlytofindIhadnotfinishedhalfofthejob.
(6).让步状语:
通常有过去分词来表示,而且前面通常有表示让步意义的though。
Thoughwounded,thesoldiermanagedtogettothevillagesafely.
Thoughwarnedofthedanger,hestillwentskatingonthethinice.
(7).伴随或方式状语:
分词作伴随状语通常位于句尾,表示谓语动词正在所处主动或被动的状态。
Theywalkedalongthestreets,talkingandlaughing.
Hewentintothehouse,followedbysomechildren.
下面是历年高考题:
做做看!
(78)1.I'veheardhim_____aboutyouoften.
A.spoke B.speaks C.speak
(79)2.I'mhungry.Getmesomething_____.
A.eat B.toeat C.eating D.foreating
(79)3.Thereisn'tanydifferencebetweenthetwo.Ireallydon'tknow_____
A.wheretochoose B.whichtochoose
C.tochoosewhat D.tochoosewhich
(79)4,Theteachertoldthem_____makesomuchnoise.
A.don't B.not C.willnot D.notto
(79)5.Isawhim_____outoftheroom.
A.go B.hadgone C.hasgone D.goes
(79)6.I'mgoingtohavemyradio
A.fixed B.tofix C.fix D.fixing
(80)7.Theworkerswantus_____togetherwiththem.
A.work B.working C.towork D.worked
(80)8.Theofficersnarrowlyescaped_____inthehotbattle.
A.havekilled B.tokill C.tobekilled D.beingkilled
(80)9._____theletter,hewentouttopostit,
A.Writing B.BeingwrittenC.HavingwrittenD.Written
(80)10.Ifyouwaveyourbookinfrontofyourface,youcanfeeltheair_____againstyourface.
A.moved B.moving C.moves D.tomove
81)11.Don'tyouremember_____?
A.seeingthemanbefore B.toseethemanbefore
C.sawthemanbefore D.tohaveseenthemanbefore
注;第11题A.D答案均为正确
(83)12.Peoplecouldn'thelp_____thefoolishemperorintheprocession.
A.laughat B.tolaughat C.laughingat D.laughingon
(83)13.What'sthelanguageinGermany?
A.speaking B.spoken C.bespoken D.tospeak
(83)14.We'relookingforward_____thephotoexhibition.
A.tovisiting B.tovisit C.tohavingvisitedD.visiting
(83)15.Ourheadmasteroftentoldus_____thingsforgranted.
A.nottohave B.nottotake C.didn'ttake D.nottomake
(83)16.Thegirl_____underthattreeismysister.
A.sitting B.sits C.issitting D.sat
(84)17.___someofficials,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.
A.Followed B.Followedby
C.Beingfollowed D.Havingbeenfollowedby
(84)18.Doyouremember_____meatapartylastyear?
A.meet B.tomeet C.meeting D.met
(85)19.Thissentenceneeds_____
A.animprovementB.improve C.improving D.improved
(85)20."Whatareyougoingtodothismorning?
"
"I'mthinkingof_____tovisitmyaunt."
A.go B.going C.havinggone D.mygoing
(85)21._____anythingabouttheaccident,hewenttoworkasusual.
A.Notknown B.Knownnot C.Knowingnot D.Notknowing
(85)22."Haveyoudecidedwhen_____?
"
"Yes,tomorrowmorning."
A.toleave B.tobeleaving C.willyouleaveD.areyouleaving
(85)23.Ireallyenjoy_____thatkindofjob.
A.do B.doing C.todo D.tobedoing
(85)24."There'saholeinyourbag."
"lknow.Iamgoingtohaveit_____."
A.mend B.mending C.mended D.tobemended
(86)25.Thenextmorningshefoundthemaninbed,_____dead.
A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying
(86)26.Tellhim_____thewindow.
A.toshutnotB.nottoshut C.tonotshut D.notshut
(86)27.Onlyoneofthesebooksis
A.worthtoread B.worthbeingread
C.wrothofreading D.worthreading
(86)28.Hehadhisleg_____inthematchyesterday.
A.tobreak B.broken C.break D.breaking
(86)29.Ican'timagine_____thatwiththem.
A.do B.todo C.beingdone D.doing
(87)30.Mostofthepeople_____tothepartywerefamousscientists.
A.invited B.toinvite C.beinginvited D.inviting
(87)31.Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissed_____.
A.catching B.tobecaught C.beingcaught D.tocatch
(87)32.Thoughhehadoftenmadehislittlesister_____,todayhewasmade_____byhislittlesister.
A.cry;tocryB.crying;crying C.cry;cry D.tocry;cry
(87)33.Theywouldnotallowhim_____acrosstheenemyline.
A.toriskgoing B.riskingtogo
C.forrisktogo D.riskgoing
(88)34.Shedidn'tremember_____himbefore.
A.havingmet B.havemet C.tomeet D.tohavingmet
(88)35.Theyknewherverywell.Theyhadseenher_____upfromchildhood.
A.grow B.grew C.wasgrowing D.togrow
(89)36.Doyouknowtheboy_____underthebigtree?
A.lay B.lain C.laying D.lying
(89)37.Goon_____theotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.
A.todo B.doing C.with D.tobedoing
(89)38.Therewasterriblenoise______thesuddenburstoflight.
A.followed B.following C.tobefollo