四川大学考博英语.docx

四川大学考博英语.docx

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四川大学考博英语

四川大学2005年博士研究生入学英语考试题

Passage1

Asthehorizonsofsciencehaveexpanded,twomaingroupsofscientistshaveemerged.Oneisthepurescientist;theother,theappliedscientist.

 Thepureortheoreticalscientistdoesoriginalresearchinordertounderstandthebasiclawsofnaturethatgovernourworld.Theappliedscientistadaptsthisknowledgetopracticalproblems.Neitherismoreimportantthantheother,however,forthetwogroupsareverymuchrelated.Sometimes,however,theappliedscientistfindsthe"problem"forthetheoreticalscientisttoworkon.Let'stakeaparticularproblemoftheaircraftindustry:

heat-resistantmetals.Manyofthemetalsandalloyswhichperformsatisfactorilyinacarcannotbeusedinajet-propelledplane.Newalloysmustbeused,becausethejetengineoperatesatamuchhighertemperaturethananautomobileengine.Theturbinewheelinaturbojetmustwithstandtemperaturesashighas1,600degreesFahrenheit,soaircraftdesignershadtoturntotheresearchmetallurgistforthedevelopmentofmetalsandalloysthatwoulddothejobinjet-propelledplanes.

 Dividingscientistsintotwogroupsisonlyonebroadwayofclassifyingthem,however.Whenscientificknowledgewasverylimited,therewasnoneedformentospecialize.Today,withthegreatbodyofscientificknowledge,scientists

specializeinmanydifferentfields.Withineachfield,thereisevenfurthersubdivision.And,withfinerandfinersubdivisions,thevariousscienceshavebecomemoreandmoreinterrelateduntilnoonebranchisentirelyindependentofthe'others.Manynewspecialties--geophysicsandbiochemistry,forexample--haveresultedfromcombiningtheknowledgeoftwoormoresciences.

1.Theappliedscientist______.

A.isnotalwaysinterestedinpracticalproblems          B.providesthe

basicknowledgeforpractice

C.appliestheresultsofresearchtopractice            D.doesoriginal

researchtounderstandthebasiclawsofnature

2.Theexamplegiveninthepassageillustrateshow___.

A.purescienceoperatesindependentlyofappliedscience        B.theapplied

scientistdiscoversthebasiclawsofnature

C.appliedsciencedefinesalltheareasinwhichbasicresearchisdoneD.

appliedsciencesuggestsproblemsforthebasicscientist

3.Theproblemdiscussedinthesecondparagraphcalledfor____.

A.selectingthebesthear-resistantmetalfromexistingmetals

B.developingaturbinewheelcapableofgeneratingheatupto1,600degreesFahrenheit

C.developingmetalsandalloysthatwouldwithstandterrifictemperatures

D.causingthejetenginetooperateathighertemperatures

4.Finermadfinersubdivisioninthefieldofsciencehasresultedin_____.

A.greaterindependenceofeachscience        

B.greaterinterdependenceofallthevarioussciences

C.theeradicationoftheneedforspecialists            D.theneedforonly

onclassificationofscientists

5."Thehorizonsofsciencehaveexpanded"meansthat____.

A.thehorizonchangesitssizefromyeartoyear          B.sciencehas

developedmorefieldsofendeavor

C.scientistshavemadegreatprogressinstudyingthehorizon  

D.scientistscanseefurtheroutintospace

chowPassage2

 InTheDisunitingofAmerica:

ReflectionsonaMulticulturalSociety,RevisedandEnlargedEdition（W.W.Norton）SchlesingerprovidesdeepinsightsintothecrisesofnationhoodinAmerica.AnewchapterassessestheimpactbothofradicalmulticulturalismandradicalmonoculturalismontheBillofrights.Writtenwithhisusualclarityandforce,thebookbringsanotedhistorian'swisdomandperspectivetobearonAmerica's"culturewars".

 Schlesingeraddressesthequestions:

Whatholdsanationtogether?

AndwhatdoesitmeantobeanAmerican?

Describingtheemergingcultofethnicity,Schlesingerpraisesitshealthyeffectonanationlongshamedbyahistoryofprejudiceandnarrow-mindedness.Buthewarnsagainstthecampaignofmulticulturaladvocatestodividethenationintoseparateethnicandracialcommunities.Fromthestart,heobserves,theUnitedStateshasbeenamulticulturalnation,richinitsdiversitybutheldtogetherbyasharedcommitmenttothedemocraticprocessandbythefreedomofintermarriage.ItwasthisnationaltalentforassimilationthatimpressedforeignvisitorslikeAlexisdeTocquevilleandJamesBryce,anditisthishistoricgoalthatSchlesingerchampionsasthebesthopeforthefuture.Schlesingeranalyzeswhat

heseesasgrimconsequencesofidentitypolitics:

thewideningofdifferences.AttacksontheFirstAmendment,heargues,threatenintellectualfreedomand,ultimately,thefutureoftheethnicgroups.Hiscriticismsarenotlimitedtotheleft.AsaformertargetofMcCarthyism,heunderstandsthattheradical

rightisevenmorewillingthantheradicallefttorestrictandweakentheBillofRights.

 Theauthordoesnotminimizetheinjusticesconcealedbythe"meltingpot"dream.TheDisunitingofAmericaisbothacademicandpersonal,forcefulinargument,balancedinjudgment.Itisabookthatwillnodoubtangersomereaders,butitwillsurelymakeallof  themthinkagain.ThewinnerofPulitzerPrizesforhistoryandforbiography,anauthoritativevoiceofAmericanliberalism,Schlesingerisuniquelypositionedtobringboldanswersandhealingwisdomtothispassionatedebateoverwhoweareandwhatweshouldbecome.

6.AccordingtoSchlesinger,theUnitedStatesis_____.

A.ameltingpot                     

B.anationwithdiverseculturesheldtogetherbythedemocraticprocess

C.afederationofethnicandracialcommunities    

D.anationwithvariousethnicandracialgroups

7.WecaninferfromthepassagethatSchlesinger______.

A.advocatestheassimilationofdifferentculturesintoonenationhood 

B.prefersmulticulturalismtomonoculturalism

C.givesfullsupporttotheemergingcultofethnicity         

D.holdsthateachracialgroupshouldkeepitsdistinctidentity

8.TheauthorwantstotellusthatAmerica_____.

A.isexperiencingacrisisofnationhood          B.istryingtorestricttheBillofRight

C.hasendeditshistoryofracialprejudice          D.hastriedtoobstructintellectualfreedom

9.Accordingtotheauthor,Schlesinger'sbookwill____.

A.causeangeramongtheradicalright            B.causeangeramongtheradicalleft

C.putanendtotheculturewarsinAmerica        D.provokethinkingamongthereaders

10.Thispassageismostprobablytakenfrom__.

 A.ahistorybook  B.abookintroduction  C.abookreview    D.ajournalofliterarycriticism

chowPassage3

TheElNino（"littleboy"inSpanish）thatpoundedtheglobebetweenthesummersof1997and1998wasinsomemeasurethemostdestructiveinthiscentury.Worldwidedamageestimatesexceed~20billion--nottomentionthehumandeathtollcausedbyresulting  droughts,floodsandbushfires.ElNinoandLaNina（"littlegirl"）arepartofaseesawingofwindsandcurrentsintheequatorialPacificcalledENSO（ElNinoSouthernOscillation）thatappearseverytwotoeightyears.Normally,westward-blowingtradewindscausedbythe  rotationoftheearthandconditionsintheTropicspushsurfacewateracrossthePacifictowardsAsia.ThewarmwaterpilesupalongthecoastsofIndonesia,AustraliaandthePhilippines,raisingsealevelsmorethanafootabovethoseontheSouthAmericansideofthePacific.AsElNinobuildsthenormaleast-to-westtradewindswane.Likewatersplashinginagiantbathtub,theelevatedpoolofwarmwaterwashesfromAsianshoresbacktowardsSouthAmerica.

 Inlastseason'scycle,surfacetemperaturesoffthewestcoastofSouthAmericasoaredfromanormalhighof23°Cdegreesto28°Cdegrees.Thisareaofwarmwater,twicethesizeofthecontinentalUS,interactedwiththeatmosphere,creatingstormsanddisplacing  high-altitudewinds. ElNinobroughtrainthatfloodednormallydrycoastalareasofEcuador,ChileandPeru,whiledroughtsstruckAustraliaandIndonesia.FiresdestroyedsomefivemillionacresofIndonesianforest.Thedrought,alongwiththeeconomiccrisis,leftaboutfivemillionpeopledesperateforfoodandwater.TheseconditionshelpedsetthestageforriotsthatledtothedownfallofPresidentSuharto.ElNinoalsotooktheblameforextremetemperaturesinTexaslastsummerover38°Cdegreesforarecord30daysinarow.InFlorida,lushvegetationturnedtotinderandbushfiresraged.EvenBritainhasbeenswelteringwithourhottestyearonrecordin1997.

11.AsElSinobuilds,_____.

 A.thenormalwestwardtradewindsweaken    B.thenormaleastwardtradewindsweaken

 C.thenormalwestwardtradewindsstrengthen    D.thenormaleastwardtradewindsstrengthen

12.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

 A.ElNinoresultsfromdroughts,floodsandbushfires. 

 B.ElNinobroughtraintomostareasthatwereaffected, 

C.WhenElNinoappeared,someoftheworld'srainforestswereattackedbydroughts.

 D.MostareasthatwereaffectedbyElNinogotdroughts.

13.OnceElNinoevenplayedaroleinthepoliticalworld.Whatwasit?

A.PresidentSuhartowasoverthrownbythedroughtcausedbyElNino.

B.ElNinocausedriotsthatledtothedownfallofPresidentSuharto.

 C.PresidentSuhartoresignedbecauseofthedroughtcausedbyElNino.

 D.ThedroughtcausedbyElNinotogetherwiththeeconomiccrisisprevailinginIndonesiahelpedtooverthrowPresidentSuharto.

14.Thephrase"inarow"inthelastparagraphmeans____.

 A.continuously      B.inaline        C.awfully              D.nowandthen

15.Thewriterofthispassageismostlikelytobe____.

 A.anAustraliaobserver  B.aBritishnationa