A Guide to Promoting Resilience in Children.docx

A Guide to Promoting Resilience in Children.docx

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AGuidetoPromotingResilienceinChildren

Full-TextPublications

AGuidetoPromotingResilienceinChildren:

StrengtheningtheHumanSpirit

EdithH.Grotberg,Ph.D.

TheInternationalResilienceProject

fromtheEarlyChildhoodDevelopment:

PracticeandReflectionsseries

BernardVanLeerFoundation

Abouttheseries

TheseriesEarlyChildhoodDevelopment:

PracticeandReflectionsaddressesissuesofimportancetopractitioners,policymakersandacademicsconcernedwithmeetingtheeducationalanddevelopmentalneedsofdisadvantagedchildrenindevelopingandindustrialsocieties.TheseriesisacontinuationoftheOccasionalPapersseries（numbers1to6）andthenumberingstartsatNo.7.

CopyrightisheldjointlybytheauthorsandtheFoundation.Unlessotherwisestated,however,papersmaybequotedandphotocopiedfornon-commercialpurposeswithoutpriorpermission.Citationsshouldbegiveninfull,givingtheFoundationassource.

Abouttheauthor

DrEdithGrotbergisSeniorScientistattheCivitanInternationalResearchCenter,UniversityofAlabamaatBirmingham,Alabama,USA.Adevelopmentalpsychologist,shehasbeenaprofessorattheAmericanUniversity,WashingtonDC,andattheAhfadUniversityforWomeninOmdurman,Sudan.ShewasDirectorofResearchforaUSGovernmentagencyconcernedwithchildren,youthandfamiliesatrisk.DrGrotberghaswrittenandpublishedextensivelyonherresearch,onapplicationofresearchfindingstoservices,andonpolicyformation.Herpresentfocusonresilienceisaculminationandintegrationofpreviousworkandexperiences.

AbouttheFoundation

TheBernardvanLeerFoundationisaprivateinstitutionbasedinTheNetherlandsthatconcentratesitsresourcesonsupportforearlychildhooddevelopment.TheFoundationtakesitsnamefromBernardvanLeer,aDutchindustrialistwhodiedin1958andgavetheentiresharecapitalofhisworldwidepackagingindustryforhumanitarianpurposes.TheFoundation'sincomeisderivedfromthisindustry.

TheFoundation'scentralobjectiveistoimproveopportunitiesforyoungchildrenwholiveindisadvantagedcircumstances.Itdoesthisbysupportingthedevelopmentofinnovativefield-basedapproachesinearlychildhooddevelopment,andbysharingexperienceswithaswideanaudienceaspossibleinordertoinfluencepolicyandpractice.

ISSN1382-4813

Contents

Acknowledgements

Foreword

Introduction:

theInternationalResilienceProject

Chapter1

Whybotherwithresilience?

Threesourcesofresilience

Whatisresilience?

Thelanguageofresilience:

IHAVE,IAM,ICAN

Strengtheningthehumanspirit

Chapter2

Thechildfrombirthtothree

Tasksoftheage

Whatparentsandcaregiverscando

Examplesofresilienceandnon-resiliencepromotingactions

ExamplesfromtheInternationalResilienceProject

Theresults

Chapter3

Thechildfromfourtoseven

Tasksoftheage

Whatparentsandcaregiverscando

Examplesofresilienceandnon-resiliencepromotingactions

ExamplesfromtheInternationalResilienceProject

Theresults

Chapter4

Thechildfromeighttoeleven

Tasksoftheage

Whatparentsandcaregiverscando

Examplesofresilienceandnon-resiliencepromotingactions

ExamplesfromtheInternationalResilienceProject

Theresults

Appendix1

Promotingresilienceinchildren:

Teachinganddiscussionstrategies

Appendix2

Furtherreading

Appendix3

Checklistforchildren

Acknowledgements

IwouldliketothankthefollowingmembersoftheAdvisoryCommitteefortheirsupportandadvice:

SusanvanderVyncktandIdaSubaruofUNESCO;NestorSuarezOjedaofPAHO;StefanVanistendael,ICCB;SylviaMansour,ICC;AmnaandGasimBadri,Sudan;RhondaBirell-Weisen,WHO;HoracioWalkerandJimSmale,BernardvanLeerFoundation;andespeciallytoSharonandCraigRameyoftheCivitanInternationalResearchCenterwithoutwhosesupporttheProjectwouldneverhavehappened.

Iwouldalsoliketothanktheresearcherswhomadethisworkpossible:

RobbynKistler,Russia;AusraKuriene,RomaPivoriene,andAleksandrasKueinskas,Lithuania;MilusaHavlinova,CzechRepublic;MartaKortinusandJuditRozsa,Hungary;GasimBadri,Sudan;BarnabasOtaala,Namibia;ChokHiewandNadineCormier,Canada;MatildeMaddaleno,Chile;FernandoLeFevre,Brazil;DinaKrauskopt,CostaRica;EmilyMiao,Taiwan,PoolsookSriyapormandVajiraKasikosol,Thailand;ReikoUeda,Japan;andLeThiNhamTuyet,Vietnam.

AndspecialthankstothesupportstaffatCivitanandtoRuthCohenoftheBernardvanLeerFoundation.Andfinally,toLeeBurchinalforhisspecialroleintheInternationalResilienceProject.

EdithGrotberg

August1995

Foreword

TheobjectiveoftheBernardvanLeerFoundationistoimproveopportunitiesforyoungchildrenlivingindisadvantagedcircumstances.Therearecommonthreadsrunningthroughalltheworkthatwesupportincountriesaroundtheworld:

empoweringparentsandcommunities;buildingupself-esteeminchildrenandfamilies;enablingfamiliesandcommunitiestomaketheirowndecisions.Ourapproachmeansthatwedonotperceivedisadvantageasaproblemtobesolvedorcompensatedfor;instead,wetrytolookforthestrengthsthatexistwithinindividualsandtheirenvironmentsinordertobuilduponthem.Ratherthanexamining`failures',wewanttounderstandwhysomepeopleandcommunitiessurviveandthriveagainstalloddssothatwecanlearnlessonsthatcanbesharedwithothers.

TheworkoftheInternationalResilienceProjectfitswellintothisapproach.EdithGrotbergdefinesresilienceasa`universalcapacitywhichallowsaperson,grouporcommunitytoprevent,minimizeorovercomethedamagingeffectsofadversity'.Byinvestigatingthisconstructataninternationallevel,theprojectenablesustogainsomeunderstandingofthecombinationoffactorsthatresultinresilienceinchildren.BywritingthisGuide,EdithGrotberghasmanagedtoturnasetofconceptsintopracticaltoolsthatcanbeincorporatedintotheeverydayworkofdevelopmentprojects.Thus,italsoservesasanexampleofhowtheoryandresearchcanbeturnedintopractice.

IntheGuide,themainfactorsthatmakeupresiliencearegroupedunderthreeheadings:

IHAVE,IAM,ICAN.Suchheadingsmayappearoverlyassertiveinsomesocietieswhere,forexample,theprevailingbeliefisthat`childrenshouldbeseenbutnotheard'.However,itisuptoeachreadertotakewhatheorshecanfromthisGuideandadaptittothepeople,thesettingandtheculture.Whateverthesociety,therecanbenoargumentthatchildrenshouldfeellovedandlovable,shouldberespectfulandresponsible,andshouldknowwhotheycanapproachintimesofneed.Thismayseemtobeself-evidentbuttheresearchhasfoundthatmostparentsandcaregiversdonotknowaboutresilienceorhowtopromoteitinchildren.Thus,toomanyadultsinhibitandeventhwartthedevelopmentofresilience,leavingcountlesschildrenfeelinghelpless,sadandunloved.

AsaFoundation,wehavegainednewunderstandingsthroughourmembershipontheAdvisoryCommitteeoftheInternationalResilienceProject,andwearepleasedtobeabletopublishthisGuide.Wehopethatitwillinspiredevelopmentworkerstoexaminetheirownworkwithneweyesandtoincorporatethoseaspectstheyfindrelevantintotheirworkwithchildrenandfamilies.

RienvanGendt

ExecutiveDirector

Introduction:

theInternationalResilienceProject

ThemainbodyofthisbookisapracticalGuidethatwillhelpadultstopromoteresilienceinchildren.Inthisintroduction,wediscusssomebackgroundbehindtheconceptofresilienceandgiveabriefdescriptionoftheInternationalResilienceProject.TheGuideitselfisbasedonresearchfindingsfromthisproject.

Theconceptofresilienceisnotanewone,althoughdefiningitpreciselyremainsaproblem.Anumberofresearchers1haveidentifiedspecificfactorssuchastrustingrelationships,emotionalsupportoutsidethefamily,self-esteem,encouragementofautonomy,hope,responsiblerisktaking,asenseofbeinglovable,schoolachievement,beliefinGodandmorality,unconditionalloveforsomeone.Butthereisinsufficientunderstandingonthedynamicinteractionofthesefactors,theirrolesindifferentcontexts,theirexpressionandtheirsources.Achild'sowngeneticmake-upandtemperamentarefundamentaltowhetherheorshewillberesilient.Thatis,achild'svulnerabilitytoanxiety,challenges,stressorunfamiliaritydetermineshisorherself-perception,howheorsheinteractswithothers,andhowheorsheaddressesadversities.

Overthelastfiveorsoyears,anumberofinternationalmeetingshaveaddressedtheconstructofresilience.Itistheconclusionsofthesemeetings,togetherwiththeliterature,thathaveledtothedefinitionofresiliencethatisusedintheInternationalResilienceProject:

resilienceisauniversalcapacitywhichallowsaperson,grouporcommunitytoprevent,minimizeorovercomethedamagingeffectsofadversity.

Theprojectsetouttoexaminewhatparents,caregiversorchildrendothatseemstopromoteresilience.Itisthusconcernedwithpromotingresilienceinchildrenastheydevelopovertime,withouttheneedforsomekindofpathologyinthefamilyorchild.Furthermore,thebasicunitforthestudyisthechildincontext.

Tolaunchthestudy,anAdvisoryCommitteemadeupofinternationalorganizationswasformedcomprisingtheCivitanInternationalResearchCenter,UNESCO,PanAmericanHealthOrganization（PAHO）,WorldHealthOrganization（WHO）,InternationalChildren'sCenter（ICC）,InternationalCatholicChildBureau（ICCB）andtheBernardvanLeerFoundation.TheAdvisoryCommittee'sroleistoprovidesuggestionsandcriticismstotheInternationalResilien