英语语法精华.docx

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英语语法精华.docx

英语语法精华

英语语法精华

时态与语态

时态语态

主动时态

被动语态

一般时态

一般现在时

do/does

am/are/isdone

一般过去时

did

was/weredone

一般将来时

will/shalldo

will/shallbedone

一般过去将来时

would/shoulddo

would/shouldbedone

进行时态

现在进行时

am/are/isdoing

am/are/isbeingdone

过去进行时

was/weredoing

was/werebeingdone

将来进行时

will/shallbedoing

过去将来进行时

would/shouldbedoing

完成时态

现在完成时

have/hasdone

have/hasbeendone

过去完成时

haddone

hadbeendone

将来完成时

will/shallhavedone

will/shallhavebeendone

过去将来完成时

would/shouldhavedone

would/shouldhavebeendone

完成进行时态

现在完成进行时

have/hasbeendoing

过去完成进行时

hadbeendoing

将来完成进行时

will/shallhavebeendoing

过去将来完成进行时

would/shouldhavebeendoing

主动态:

用于主动句中,它表示主语是谓语动词所表示动作的执行者。

通常如果主动句中谓语动词是及物动词时,主动句可转换成被动句。

被动态:

用于被动句中,它表示主语是谓语动词所表示动作的承受者。

用于被动的情况:

1、by短语(by+动作执行者);

2、不知道、不必知道或不愿说出动作的执行者;

3、用于表示“据说”、“据信”、“据报道”、“据估计”、“众所周知”、“必须指出”、等句子,使语气更加委婉。

㈠一般现在时:

动词原形或第三人称单数(复数形式)

用法:

①、表示现在动作或状态

例句:

1.Iagreewithyou.

2.Heworksinahospital.

3.-Areyouastudent?

-Yes,Iam.

4.Thereisabookonthedesk.

5.ThisbookiswrittenbyMr.Chen.(被动)

6.Itissaidthatthereisplentyofoiloffourcoast(沿海).(被动)

7.ItmustbepointedoutthatChinaisadevelopmentcountry.(被动)

②、经常性或习惯性的动作(与频度副词always,usually,frequently,regularly,rarely,seldom,never,sometimes)

例句:

1.Wealwayscareforeachotherandhelpeachother.

2.Iusuallygetupat6:

00everymorning.

3.Hedrinksheavily.

4.Herarelyrainshere.

5.Filmsareoftenshowninouruniversity.(被动)

③、普遍真理或客观事实

例句:

1.TheearthmoveroundtheSun.

2.ChinaliesintheeastofAsia.

3.Practicemakesperfect.(熟能生巧)

4.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.(患难朋友才是真正朋友)

5.Carsaredrivenwithengines(发动机).(被动)

④、表示将来要发生的动作

I、用于陈述句(谓语动词是begin,start,come,go,arrive,leave,depart,return,retire,stay,stop,end,open,close及be动词等时,可表示规定、计划或安排要发生的事情,通常与表示将来的时间状语连用)

例句:

1.Themeetingbeginstomorrow.

2.Thetrainarrivesat2:

30p.mandleavesat3:

00p.m.

3.ThematchtakesplaceonSunday.

4.Heretires(退休)nextmonth.

5.TomorrowisSaturday.

6.Whospeaksnext.

II、用于时间状语从句(通常由when,as,after,before,till/untill,assoonas等连词引导)

例句:

1.I’llcomeandseeyouwhenIhavetime.

2.I’llwritetoyouafterIleaveShanghai.

3.Ismothergoingtoleavebeforewegetback?

4.Hewillstayhereuntill/tillyoucome.

5.Wewillstartassoonasyouareready.

III、用于条件状语从句(通常由if,unless,incase,solongas等连词引导)

例句:

1.Wecancatchthebusifwehurryup.

2.Iftheweatherpermits,we’llgoforapicnictomorrow.

3.Iwon’twritetohimunlesshewritestome.

4.Youwillfailunlessyouworkharder.

⑤、一般现在时还可以用于:

1.报刊、杂志新闻标题或小说章节题目;

2.剧情介绍或广播电视解说词;

3.舞台表演、体育比赛等现场解说。

㈡一般过去时(动词过去式)

1、过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态(通常与表示过去的时间状语连用)

例句:

1.Imetheryesterday.

2.Heworkedinthatbankforfiveyears.

3.Isawhimtenminutesago.

4.-DidyouhearMarysingjustnow?

–No,Ididn’t.

5.Thatbridgewasbuiltin1980.(被动)

②、过去经常性或习惯性动作(只适用于动态供词和would,可与often,alaways等频度副词连用)

例句:

1.IuesdtogotothemovieswhenIwasyoung.

2.Weoftendidmorningexerciseswhenwewereyoung.

3.Shealwayscarrled(撑着)anunbrella.

4.Heneverdrankwine.

5.Atthattimethiskindofworkwasalwaysdonebymen.(被动)

6.Whilehavingbreakfest,hewouldreadnewspapersinthosedays.

③、表示委婉语气(一般用于want,hope,think,wonder等词)

例句:

1.Ihopeyoucouldatendtheopeningccremony(开幕式).

2.Didyouwanttoseeme?

3.IthoughtImightcomeandseeyouthisevening.

4.Iwonderedifyoucouldlendmeyourpen.

④、表示虚拟语气

㈢一般将来时(will/shall+动词原形)shall用于第一人称

①、将要发生的动作或状态(通常要与表示将来的时间状语连用)

例句:

1.Wewill/shallarrivethisafternoon.

2.-Willyoubebusytonigh?

-Yes,Iwill.

3.Hewon’tcometothepartynextweek.

4.Whenwillyoubeabletogiveusananswer?

5.Springwillcomeagain.

6.Theconference(会议)willbeheldtomorrow.(被动)

②、表示一种倾向或习惯性动作

例句:

1.Crops(庄稼)willdiewithoutwater.

2.Wheneverhehastime,hewillcomeandseeus.

⊿begoingto+动词原形与beto+动词原形也可表示将要发生的动作或情况。

⑴begoingto+动词原形(表示打算或准备要做的事或即将肯定要发生的事)

例句:

i、Iamgoingtobuyahouse.

ii、Sheisn’tgoingtomeethimatthestation.

iii、IshegoingtoleatureinEnglish?

iv、Whoisgoingtospeakfirst?

v、Sheisgoingtohaveababy.

vi、Lookattheseclouds!

Itisgoingtorain.

⑵beto+动词原形(表示按计划安排即将发生的事或表示指示、命令、禁止或征求意见)

例句:

i、Thisrailwayistobeopenedtotrafficnextmonth.(被动)

ii、ThePrimeMinister(首相)istomakeastatement(声明)tomorrow.

iii、Youaretodelivertheseinvitationsbeforeten.(指示、命令)

iv、Youarenottotellhimanythingaboutourplans.(禁止)

v、AmItogoonwiththework?

(征询)

⊿其他固定结构

例句:

i、Lookout!

Thetrainisabouttomove.

ii、Look!

Thematchisonthepointofstarting.

iii、Theguestsareduetoarrivenextweek.

㈣现在进行时(主动:

am/are/isdoing被动:

am/are/isbeingdone)

①、表示现在(说话时)正在进行的动作

例句:

1.Thestudentsaremakinganexperimentnow.

2.Iamnotdoingmyhomework.

3.Itisrainingnow.

4.Who/Whomareyouwaitingfor?

5.-Whatareyoudoingnow?

–IamwatchingTV.

6.Apowerstationisbeingbuiltthere.(被动)

2、表示现阶段(暂时)正在进行的动作(说话时不一定正在进行)

例句:

1.Weareattendingaconferencethesedays.

2.Prof.Zhangiswritingabookonecology(生态).

3.Heisateacherofphysics,butheisnowteachingmathematics.

4.ThesedaysanumberofthingsarebeingdealtwithbyRobert.(被动)

5.Don’ttakethatladderaway.Yourfatherisusingit.

3、表示不断重复的习惯性动作(常和always,continually等频度副词连用)

例句:

1.Heisalwayshelpingpeople.

2.Itisalwaysraining.

3.Sheiscontinuallychangingclothes.

4.Ourburglaralarm(防盗报警器)isforevergoingofffornoreason.

4、表示渐进的过程(只适用于某些表示转变的动词)

例句:

1.Hishairisturninggrey.

2.Peoplearebecominglesstolerantofsmokingthesedays.

3.IamforgettingmyFrenchbecauseIneverspeakit.

4.Whenspringcomes,thedaysaregettinglongerandthelightsshorter.

⑤、表示即将发生的动作(按现在计划或安排要发生的动作,常带有将来的时间状语,通常只适用于go,come,arrive,leave,start,stop,meet,play,do,work,give,take,have,stay,spend,join,publish,(see)等少量动词)

例句:

1.Thetrainisarrivingsoon.

2.Heisleavinginafewdays.

3.Iamseeinghimtomorrow.

4.I’mhavingdinnerwithhertonight.

㈤过去进行时(主动:

was/weredoing被动:

was/werebeingdone)

①、表示过去某个时刻或阶段正在发生的动作(通常要用表达过去时间状语表示)

例句:

1.WhenIarrived,Tomwastakingonthetelephone.

2.TheywerediscussingaworkplanwhenIwentin.

3.Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterday?

4.Inthoseyearswewerehavingahardtime.

5.Thewindwasnolongerblowing,butitwasstilldrizzling(下雨).

6.Themachinewasbeingrepairedlastmonth.(被动)

②、表示过去不断重复的动作(常与always,continually连用,表示赞美厌烦)

例句:

1.Shewasforevercomplainingaboutsomething.

2.Hewasalwaysborrowingmoneyandforgettingtopayitback.

3.Theywerealwaysringingmeupwhentheylivedhere.

4.Whenheworkedinfactory,Robertwascontinuallymakingmistakes.

③、表示客气请求

例句:

1.Iwaswonderingifyoucouldgivemealift(搭车).

2.Iwashopingyoucouldsendmesomebooks.

④、在故事、传说、自传、报道等文体中表示背景

例句:

Lastnight,Iwasreadinganewspaper.Suddenly,therewasaknockatthedoor.

㈥将来进行时(will/shallbedoing(无被动))

①、表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作(一般和特定表示时间状语连用)

例句:

1.Wewillbehavingteachingpracticenextweek.

2.Theywillbetakinganexaminationthistimetomorrow.

3.Iwillbeseeingafriendoffthedayaftertomorrow.

4.Wewillbehavingameetingfrom2to4thisafternoon.

5.Whatwillyoubedoingintheevening?

②、表示单纯未来(不带情感色彩)

例句:

1.Iwillbeworkingonthistomorrow.

2.Youwillbeworinghere.

3.Mikewon’tbebuyingthiscar.

4.Willshebejoiningusfordinner?

5.Whatshallwedoingnext?

㈦现在完成时(主动:

have/hasdone被动:

have/hasbeendone)

①、从过去持续到现在(并可能继续持续下去)的动作(常与sofar,uptonow等时间状语及for,since引导的时间状语连用)

例句:

1.IhavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears.

2.Shehaslivedheresince1990.

3.Ihaven’tbeenverysuccessfulsofar.

4.Upto/tillnowhehaswonfiveprizes.

5.Thousandsofcarshavebeenmadeinourfactorythisyear.(被动)

6.Itisthefirsttime(that)Ihavebeenhere.

②、过去不确定时间里完成的动作(该动作与现在有联系或有影响)

例句:

1.Ihavealreadyseenthatfilm.

2.-Haveyouhadlunchyet?

–No,Ihaven’thadlunchyet.

3.Thetrainhasjustleftthestation.

4.Haveyou(ever)metherbefore?

5.Therehavebeenalotofchangesrecently.

6.HehasjustbeensenttoEngland.(被动)

HehasbeentoBeijing.他去过北京(现在不在北京)

HehasgonetoBeijing.他去了北京(现在在北京或者在去北京的路上)

③、反复或习惯性动作(与often,frequently,regularly,severaltimes连用)

例句:

1.Ihaveoftenwalkedtowork.

2.Hehasfrequentlymademistakesinhiswork.

3.Shehasattendedclassesregularly.

4.IhaveseenhimonTVseveraltimes.

5.Ihaveneverdoneatinglikethis.

㈧过去完成时(主动:

haddone被动:

hadbeendone)

①、从过去某时之前持续到过去某时(并可能继续持续下去)的动作(常与by,before等引导的表示过去某时为止的时间状语连用,且常有由for,since引出的时间状语,表示该动作在过去持续的时间)

例句:

1.Hehadworkedinthatcompanyfortenyearsbytheendoflastyear.

2.HehadlivedinShanghaiforfiveyearsbeforehemovedhere.

3.Shesaidthatshehadmademuchprogresssinceshecamehere.

4.Itwasthesecondtime(that)Ihadheardhersingthesong.

②、过去某时以前已经完成的动作(常用于表示带有特定过去时间状语句子中,或出现在表示过去时间的上下文中)

例句:

1.Hehadn’tfinishedthetaskbyyesterdayevening.

2.Theconcert(had)startedbeforewegottothehall.

3.ThediscussionhadbeenbegunwhenIwentintotheclassroom.(被动)

4.Theyrealizedtheyhadlosttheirway.

5.Hefoundthebookthathehadlost.

6.Shewasexcitedbecauseshehadneverbeentoadancebefore.

7.Aftertheteacher(had)lefttheroom,thechildrenstartedtalking.

8.Wehadalreadylefthomewhenitbegentorain.

③、表示过去未曾实现的愿望(用法仅限于expect,hope,want,intend/mean等)

例句:

1.IhadexpectedtomeetyouinLondon,butIheardyouleftEnglish.

2.Ihadhopetosendyouatelegram(电报),butIdidn’tmanageit.

3.Theyhadwantedtohelp,buttheycouldn’tgethereintime.

4.Ihadn’tintend/meanttotakemychildrenonthetrip,buttheyinsistedongoingwithme.

④、用于虚拟语气

㈨将来完成时(主动:

will/shallhavedone被动:

will/shallhavebeendone)

①、将来某时已经完成的动作或状态

例句:

1.Bytheyear2015wewillhavebuiltPudongairport.

2.Whenyoucomebacknextweek,theywillhavefinishedallthewor

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