机械类外文文献翻译(中英文翻译).docx

机械类外文文献翻译(中英文翻译).docx

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英文原文

MechanicalDesign andManufacturingProcesses

 Mechanicaldesignistheapplicationofscienceandtechnologytodeviseneworimprovedproductsforthepurposeofsatisfyinghumanneeds. Itisavastfieldofengineeringtechnologywhichnotonlyconcernsitselfwiththeoriginalconceptionoftheproductintermsofitssize,shapeandconstructiondetails,butalsoconsidersthevariousfactorsinvolvedinthemanufacture,marketinganduseoftheproduct.

 Peoplewhoperformthevariousfunctionsofmechanicaldesignaretypicallycalleddesigners,ordesignengineers.Mechanicaldesignisbasicallyacreativeactivity.However,inadditiontobeinginnovative,adesignengineermustalsohaveasolidbackgroundintheareasofmechanicaldrawing,kinematics,dynamics,materialsengineering,strengthof materialsandmanufacturingprocesses.

 Asstatedpreviously,thepurposeofmechanicaldesignistoproduceaproductwhich willserveaneedforman.Inventions,discoveriesandscientificknowledgebythemselvesdo notnecessarilybenefitpeople;onlyiftheyareincorporatedintoadesignedproductwilla benefitbederived.Itshouldberecognized,therefore,thatahumanneedmustbeidentified beforeaparticularproductisdesigned.

 Mechanicaldesignshouldbeconsideredtobeanopportunitytouseinnovativetalentsto envisionadesignofaproduct,toanalyzethesystemandthenmakesoundjudgmentsonhow theproductistobemanufactured.Itisimportanttounderstandthefundamentalsof engineeringratherthanmemorizemerefactsandequations.Therearenofactsorequations whichalonecanbeusedtoprovideallthecorrectdecisionsrequiredtoproduceagooddesign.

Ontheotherhand,anycalculationsmademustbedonewiththeutmostcareandprecision. Forexample,ifadecimalpointismisplaced,anotherwiseacceptabledesignmaynot function.

Gooddesignsrequiretryingnewideasandbeingwillingtotakeacertainamountof risk,knowingthatifthenewideadoesnotworktheexistingmethodcanbereinstated. Thusadesignermusthavepatience,sincethereisnoassuranceofsuccessforthetimeand effortexpended.Creatingacompletelynewdesigngenerallyrequiresthatmanyoldandwell-establishedmethodsbethrustaside.Thisisnoteasysincemanypeopleclingtofamiliar ideas,techniquesandattitudes.Adesignengineershouldconstantlysearchforwaysto improveanexistingproductandmustdecidewhatold,provenconceptsshouldbeusedandwhatnew,untriedideasshouldbeincorporated.

 Newdesignsgenerallyhave"bugs"orunforeseenproblemswhichmustbeworkedout beforethesuperiorcharacteristicsofthe newdesignscanbeenjoyed.Thusthereisachanceforasuperiorproduct,butonlyathigherrisk. Itshouldbeemphasizedthat, ifadesigndoes notwarrantradicalnewmethods, suchmethodsshouldnotbeappliedmerelyforthesake ofchange.

 Duringthebeginningstagesofdesign,creativityshouldbeallowedtoflourishwithout a greatnumberofconstraints. Even thoughmanyimpracticalideasmayarise,itisusuallyeasy toeliminatethemintheearlystagesofdesignbeforefirmdetailsarerequiredbymanufacturing.Inthisway,innovativeideasarenotinhibited.Quiteoften,morethanonedesignis developed,uptothepointwheretheycanbecomparedagainsteachother. It is entirely possiblethatthedesignwhichisultimatelyacceptedwilluseideasexistinginoneoftherejecteddesignsthatdidnotshowasmuchoverallpromise.

 Psychologistsfrequentlytalkabouttryingtofitpeopletothemachinestheyoperate.Itisessentiallytheresponsibilityofthedesignengineertostrivetofitmachinestopeople.This isnotaneasytask,sincethereisreallynoaveragepersonforwhichcertainoperating dimensionsandproceduresareoptimum.

 Anotherimportantpointwhichshouldberecognizedisthatadesignengineermustbeabletocommunicateideastootherpeopleiftheyaretobeincorporated.Communicatingthedesigntoothersisthefinal,vitalstepinthedesignprocess.Undoubtedlymanygreatdesigns,inventions,andcreativeworkshavebeenlosttomankindsimplybecausetheoriginatorswereunableorunwillingtoexplaintheiraccomplishmentstoothers.Presentationisasellingjob.Theengineer,whenpresentinganewsolutiontoadministrative,management,orsupervisorypersons,isattemptingtosellortoprovetothemthatthissolutionisabetterone.Unlessthiscanbedonesuccessfully,thetimeandeffortspentonobtainingthesolutionhavebeenlargelywasted.

 Basically,thereareonlythreemeansofcommunicationavailabletous.Thesearethewritten,theoral,andthegraphicalforms.Thereforethesuccessfulengineerwillbe technicallycompetentandversatileinallthreeformsofcommunication.Atechnically competentpersonwholacksabilityinanyoneoftheseformsisseverelyhandicapped. If abi