国外新型农业经营体系文献综述英.docx

国外新型农业经营体系文献综述英.docx

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国外新型农业经营体系文献综述英

1

KnickelK.Agriculturalstructuralchange:

impactontheruralenvironment[J].JournalofRuralStudies,1990,6（4）:

383-393.

Abstract

Currentfarmpracticescontributetoawidearrayofenvironmentalproblems:

themonocultureofmanyagriculturalregions,theproblemofsoilerosion,andthecontaminationofgroundwaterresourcesbynitrateandpesticide,wildlifehabitatslostorsubjecttofragmentation.Over50%oftheEC'stotallandareaisusedbyagriculture.

Assumedarelinksbetweensettlementandfarmstructure,ruralculture,relatedvaluesandenvironmentalquality.Thispaperattemptstoidentifykeyindicatorsandrelationshipstopredictwhattheenvironmentalimpactofcertainstructuralchangeswillbe.Isthereacorrelationbetweenfarmsizeortypeandenvironmentalimpact?

Anexampleisthedecreasinglinkagebetweenanimalhusbandryandcropgrowing.

Isthereacorrelationbetweendegreeofpluriactivityandthestructureoflanduse?

ThemajorityofsmallfarmsintheF.R.G.haveadditionaloff-farmincome.Thepredominanceofsmallfarmsischaracteristicofthefewcharmingruralareasleft.Doesthatimplythatlargefarmunitsmeannecessarilyinfrastructuralchanges,lossofcropdiversityandmoremonotonouslandscape?

Finally,thequestionoftheimpactthatdifferentpolicymeasureshaveonthedirectionandintensityofagriculturalchangeisexamined.Amajorconclusionisthatenvironmentalpoliciesneedtobeanintegralpartofregionaldevelopmentandagriculturalpolicies.

2

GoldsmithP,GowH.Strategicpositioningunderagriculturalstructuralchange:

Acritiqueoflongjumpco-operativeventures[J].InternationalFoodandAgribusinessManagementReview,2005,8

（2）:

1-21.

Abstract

Thisstudyutilizesstrategicmanagementtheorytoanalyzetherecentproliferationinnon-commodityverticalintegrationproducer-ownedbusinessesintheUS.ThepaperintroducesthenotionoftheValueCreationTriadwhereownership,competency,andcontrolneedtobealignedforsuccess.VeryrelatedtotheTriadconceptisthedifferentiationinstrategybetweenlongandshortjumping.ThepaperpresentsanempiricalcaseofsuccessfulverticalintegrationbyaNewZealandlambcooperative.

Keywords:

strategicmanagementtheory,valueaddedagriculture,verticalintegration,producer-ownedenterprise,corecompetencies,tacitknowledge,productivitygap,opportunitygap

Structuralchangeisadisruptiveprocess.Whetheryouareinthesteelindustryinthe1970'sorproductionagricultureinthe1990'stheeffectsareextremelyunsettling（RoseandThomas,2000;CP,2000）.Producersarebeingforcedtoeitherexittheindustryoradoptnewbusinessmodels,buttoaccomplishthistheyarefacedwiththedifficulttaskofstrategicallyrepositioningthemselves.JustinthestateofIllinois,forexample,therewere40valueaddedprocessing

businessplansindevelopmentduring20001（Saputo,2000）.Theselongjumpventuresintoprocessingareriskythoughandraiseimportantfundamentalquestionsabouthowproducersselectappropriatestrategies,andisthesubjectofthismanuscript.

Whiletherehasbeenresearchandanalysisastothesuccessfactorsofnewcooperatives（Waner,2000;Bruynisetal,2001;Torgerson,2001;Carlbergetal,2004）,littleempiricalresearchhasbeenconductedastotheirsuccessandfailurerates.Waner（2000）andTorgerson（2001）believethefailureratetobelessthanthefailurerateoftheaveragestartup.SporlederandBailey（2001）intheirmodelofnewgenerationequityinvestmentassumeamoderatefailureraterangeof33%and50%.Theresearchisclearastosuccessfactors,focusingonthetacticalfeaturesofthebusiness,i.e.,adequatecapital,hiringskilledmanagement,andhavinganengagedboardofdirectors.Leftunaddressedintheanalysisarethestrategicforcesthatdeterminesuccessorfailure.Withthisinmindthismanuscriptanalysesthecooperativeformationquestionfromastrategicmanagementperspective.

Conclusion

Asdescribedabove,agriculturalstructuralchangeisapowerfulforceandproduceradaptationsarenecessarytoremaincompetitive.Therearenumerousstrategiesavailabletoproducerorganizationsastheyattempttofindtheirplaceinthesupplychain.Strategicmanagementtheorysuggeststhatlongjumporradicalstrategicshiftsareunlikelytobesuccessful.Thelogicisthatsustainedcompetitiveadvantageisderivedfromafirm’sabilitytoproducevalue.Inordertoproducethisvaluethefirmrequiresaccesstoknowledge.Thetypeofknowledgethatgeneratesinnovationrentsisknowledgethatisinimitable,tacitknowledge.Howthendoesthefirmlookingtoverticallyintegrateobtainthenecessarytacitknowledge?

Becausethisstrategicresourceisnotexplicit,itisdifficulttoacquire.

3

BoehljeM.Structuralchangesintheagriculturalindustries:

howdowemeasure,analyzeandunderstandthem?

[J].AmericanJournalofAgriculturalEconomics,1999,81（5）:

1028-1041.

AFinalComment

Theagriculturalindustriesareinthemidstofprofoundstructuralchange-astructuralre-alignmentthatwillimpactvirtuallyallsegmentsandalmostalltheeconomicagentsorparticipantsinthefoodproduction,processtaWouthSestrniveUsitynoprilA5,20142otp:

/ajae.oxfhrdjournals.org/ownlDadedromf1040Number5,1999ing,anddistributionindustries.Thisnewagriculturecanbestbecharacterizedbytwodramaticchangesinthewayinwhichbusinessisdoneintheagriculturesector:

（a）thetransitionfromindependenteconomicstagesco-ordinatedprimarilybymarketstomuchmore

tightlyalignedfoodsupplyorvaluechainscoordinatedbyvariousformsofnegotiatedlinkagesand（b）theimplementationofbio-logicalmanufacturingandprocesscontroltechnologythroughouttheentirechain,enablingthisvaluechaintoincreasinglyfunctionasanassemblylinethatproducesbio-logicallybasedspecificattributerawmaterialsforconsumers/endusers.Theimpactsofthesechangesarebothpervasiveanddramatic-veryfewparticipantsintheagriculturalandfoodproductionanddistributionindustrieswillbebypassedinthistransformationprocess,andthechangeswillchallengesomeofthelong-standingfundamentalvaluesorpremisesoftheparticipantsandeconomicagentsinthisindustry,suchasindependence,open-accessmarkets,thedominantroleofthefirm,open-accessinformation,andR&D.Thesestructuralrealignmentswillchangenotonlythetypeandformofrelationshipsbetweenparticipantsinthefoodproductionanddistributionindustriesbutalsotheparticipantsinthoserelationships.Somewillgaineconomicallyandotherwisefromthesestructuralchanges;manywilllose.Consequently,thisstructuralrealignmentprocesswillbefraughtwithgreatcontroversyandconfrontation.Sowhatcanweasagriculturaleconomistsdotomeasure,analyze,andunderstandtheprofoundstructuralchangesnowunderwayintheagriculturalindustries?

Whatcanwedotoinformthediscussionanddebateconcerningtheseissues?

First,wecanandmustfocusadditionalemphasisontheseissuesunlesswearecontenttoexplainexpostwhythechangesoccurredratherthananalyzeexantewhatstructuralchangesmightoccurandwhattheconsequencesorimpactsarelikelytobe.Mostofourconstituentswillbeincreasinglydis-satisfiedwithourexplanationsofhistory（nomatterhowaccurate）whentheyaretryingtoadapttoafuturethattheydonotunderstandandinwhichtheirroleisprofoundlychangedortheyhavemaybeevenbecomeredundant.Wemustdeveloptheanalyticalcapacityformoreaccurateexanteratherthanexpostanalyses,andwecannotbeconfinedtoourtraditionaldisciplinaryframeworksandempiricaltools.WemustbewillingtostartwithAmer.J.Agr.Econ.alternativebasicpremises-forexample,thatanalysisofeconomicperformancemightbebetterunderstoodstartingwiththepremisesofeconomicfunctionsandsupply/valuechainsratherthanfirmsandmarkets.Wemustbroadenourdisciplinarybasesofanalysestoincludethebroadersetofsocialsciencesthatmightbecomeincreasinglymorerelevantinunderstandingthebehaviorofeconomicagentsandtheefficiencyandeffectivenessoftheperformanceofeconomicsystemsthanourmoretraditionalandfrequentlyconfiningconceptualframeworksdrawnprimarilyfromeconomictheory.Wemustdevelopandaccessnewdatasetsthat,inmanycases,aregen-ratedbytalkingtoandobservingthebehaviorofeconomicagentsratherthancollectedfromsecondarysourcesandhistoricalsynopses.Andwemustbewillingandabletoembracetheverydifficultissueofdistributionalconsequencesinouranalyses;assess-mintsofaggregateeconomicperformanceandofimpactsonconsumers（asagroup）orproducers（asagroup）arenotunimportant,buttherealissuesinperiodsofprofoundstructuralchangearewhichproducers,whichconsumers,andwhichofthenumerouspareticpantsoreconomicagentsinthesector

winandwhoisleftbehind.Ifwecannotshedsomelightonthisissueofwhowinsandwholoses,wewillhavedamagedthepublictrustintheagriculturaleconomicsprofession.

4

OrtmannGF,KingRP.AgriculturalcooperativesI:

history,theoryandproblems[J].Agrekon,2007,46

（1）:

18-46.

Abstract

Thispaperpresentstheprinciplesofcooperationandbrieflydescribesthehistoryanddevelopmentofagriculturalcooperativesindevelopedandless-developedcountries,withparticularemphasisonSouthAfrica.AnewCooperativesAct,basedoninternationalprinciplesofcooperation,waspromulgatedinSouthAfricainAugust2005.Thetheoryofcooperatives,andnewinstitutionaleconomicstheory（NIE）（includingtransactioncosteconomics,agencytheoryandpropertyrightstheory）anditsapplicabilitytothec