天津市高考英语二轮复习 滚动题组23 阅读理解 阅读表达 书面表达.docx

天津市高考英语二轮复习 滚动题组23 阅读理解 阅读表达 书面表达.docx

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天津市高考英语二轮复习滚动题组23阅读理解阅读表达书面表达

滚动题组23　阅读理解+阅读表达+书面表达

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　滚动题组第28页　 

Ⅰ.阅读理解

A

（2019·天津卷）

Howdoesanecosystem（生态系统）work?

Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?

Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?

Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.

Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,forinstance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator（掠食动物）alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey（猎物）,thetwospeciesarestronglylinked;whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinction（灭绝）ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.

Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies—includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.

Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.

Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey,scientistssay,becauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint（临界点）,itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。

主要讲述了科学家们利用建立的食物网数学模型,发现了食物网运行的基本原则以及人类活动对于生态系统的影响。

1.Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs?

A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.

B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.

C.Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.

D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.

答案:

B

解析:

细节理解题。

根据文章第二段第一句中的“...scientistshavefoundout...infoodwebs.”得知科学家们发现了食物网运行的关键法则,即B项。

2.Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator　　　. 

A.hasawidefoodchoice

B.caneasilyfindnewprey

C.stickstoonepreyspecies

D.canquicklymovetoanotherplace

答案:

C

解析:

细节理解题。

根据第二段第三句中的“Whenapredator...arestronglylinked...”得出结论,只吃一种猎物是“stronglink”。

3.Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline?

A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.

B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.

C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.

D.Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.

答案:

D

解析:

推理判断题。

根据第三段第一句“Mathematicalmodels...entireecosystems.”可知“食物链顶端掠食动物的变化可能会给整个生态系统带来大的影响”。

故选D项。

4.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4?

A.Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.

B.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.

C.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.

D.Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.

答案:

A

解析:

推理判断题。

根据文章第四段的例子以及本段的最后一句话可知“人类的这些行为极大地影响了生态的平衡”。

故选A项。

5.Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance?

A.Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.

B.Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.

C.Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.

D.Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.

答案:

D

解析:

推理判断题。

根据文章最后一段第二句可知这个系统会告诉我们何时对把生态系统推向瘫痪的人类活动作出调整以及最后一句话中的“Preventioniskey”可知D项正确。

B

ThereisaveryspecialwolfthatlivesinAfrica.Theyareactuallycalled,theAfricanwilddogs,orpainteddogs.

Theseanimalsliveinopenwoodlands,orintheplainsofAfrica.Today,however,mostoftheanimalscanbefoundineasternorsouthernAfrica.Theseanimalsarebeautiful.Theyhaveroundedearsinsteadofpointedlikemostdogs,andtheyhavefourtoesoneachoftheirfourfeet,alsoauniquecharacteristicbecauseotherdogshavefive.Theirfurisalwaysdifferentfromeachother.Thefurisusuallyacombinationofblack,brown,redandwhite,andsometimesevenyellow.Nowonderthey’recalledthepainteddogs.

TheAfricanwilddogisaverysocialanimal.Theyliveingroupsandhavenumbersfromfivetoabouttwenty.Themembersofagrouparealwaysveryclosetooneanother.Theycommunicateintheirownlanguageorbodylanguage.Whensomeoneisveryoldorsick,theotherswillhelp,andtheyarewillingtosharethefoodwiththeeldersandwiththosewhoareweak,whichiswhatweshouldlearnfrom.

Thefamilydoeseverythingtogether,fromraisingyoung,tosleepingtogether,tohunting.Whentheyhunt,theywillworktogetherusingteamworktokillanimalsthatarelargerthanthem.

Theysometimeshuntfarmanimals.Thisisunfortunate,becausebothpoachers,andpeoplewhoownfarmsshootthepainteddogswhoarejusttryingtosurvive.

Before,thereusedtobemanylargegroupsthroughouttheland,butnowtheAfricanwilddogisveryrare.Theyarealsolosingtheirpopulationbecauseoftheirownlossofhabitatthankstohuman’sfarmingandforestcutting.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。

文章介绍了非洲野狗的相关信息及其生存现状。

6.FromthepassagewelearnthattheAfricanwilddog　　　. 

A.livesinthenorthofAfrica

B.hassixteentoesaltogether

C.haspointedearslikemostdogs

D.livesinforestsingroups

答案:

B

解析:

推理判断题。

根据第二段第一句内容可知,非洲野狗出没在开阔的林地或平原,故D项错误;根据第二段第二句可以推断出A项错误;根据第二段的“Theyhaveroundedearsinsteadofpointedlikemostdogs...”可知,C项错误;由第二段第四句可知,B项正确。

7.WhydoAfricanwilddogsgetthename“painteddogs”?

A.Theyallhavecolorfulfur.

B.Thedogsinthesamegroupareofdifferentcolors.

C.Artistslovetopaintthemindifferentcolors.

D.Noneofthemhasthesamecolor.

答案:

A

解析:

细节理解题。

由第二段最后两句可知,非洲野狗之所以被称为“彩色狗”是因为它们的皮毛是彩色的,故A项正确。

8.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldwelearnfromAfricanwilddogs?

A.Theyalwaysdoeverythingtogether.

B.Theyhelpthesick,theelderlyandtheweak.

C.Theyarealwaysveryclosetooneanother.

D.Theycommunicateintheirownlanguage.

答案:

B

解析:

细节理解题。

根据第三段最后一句可知,当有非洲野狗年老或生病的时候,其他的非洲野狗就会帮助它们,并且愿意与其分享食物,这一点是我们人类应该学习的。

故选B项。

9.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonwhyAfricanwilddogsarebecomingveryrare?

A.Poacherskillsomeofthem.

B.Theyareshortoffoodsometimes.

C.Theyarelosingtheirhabitat.

D.Farmersshootsomeofthem.

答案:

B

解析:

细节理解题。

根据倒数第二段内容可知A、D两项是原因。

根据最后一段“...becauseoftheirownlossofhabitat...”可知C项也是原因,只有B项文章没有提及,故选B项。

10.Wherecouldthispassageprobablybefound?

A.TheTravelers.B.FashionWeekly.

C.AnimalWorld.D.StarMagazine.

答案:

C

解析:

文章出处题。

本文介绍了非洲野狗这种动物,最有可能是在动物世界里出现,故选C项。

C

Ascientistworkingatherlabbenchandasix-month-oldbabyplayingwithhisfoodmightseemtohavelittleincommon.Afterall,thescientistisengagedinseriousresearchtouncovertheverynatureofthephysicalworld,andthebabyis,well,justplaying...right?

Perhaps,butsomedevelopmentalpsychologists（心理学家）havearguedthatthis“play”ismorelikeascientificinvestigationthanonemightthink.

Takeacloserlookatthebabyplayingatthetable.Eachtimethebowlofriceispushedoverthetableedge,itfallstotheground—and,intheprocess,itbringsoutimportantevidenceabouthowphysicalobjectsinteract（相互作用）:

bowlsofricedonotfloatinmid-air,butrequiresupporttoremainstable.Itislikelythatbabiesarenotbornknowingthisbasicfactoftheuniverse;noraretheyeverclearlytaughtit.Instead,babiesmayformanunderstandingofobjectsupportthroughrepeatedexperimentsandthenbuildonthisknowledgetolearnevenmoreabouthowobjectsinteract.Thoughtheirrangesandtoolsdiffer,thebaby’sinvestigationandthescientist’sexperimentappeartosharethesameaim（tolearnaboutthenaturalworld）,overallapproach（gatheringdirectevidencefromtheworld）,andlogic（aremyobservationswhatIexpected?

）.

Somepsychologistssuggestthatyoungchildrenlearnaboutmorethanjustthephysicalworldinthisway—thattheyinvestigatehumanpsychologyandtherulesoflanguageusingsimilarmeans.Forexample,itmayonlybethroughrepeatedexperiments,evidencegathering,andfinallyoverturningatheory,thatababywillcometoaccepttheideathatotherpeoplecanhavedifferentviewsanddesiresfromwhatheorshehas,forexample,unlikethechild,Mommyactuallydoesn’tlikeDovechocolate.

Viewingchildhooddevelopmentasascientificinvestigationthrowslightonhowchildrenlearn,butitalsooffersaninspiringlookatscienceandscientists.Whydoyoungchildrenandscientistsseemtobesomuchalike?

Psychologistshavesuggestedthatscienceasaneffort—thedesiretoexplore,explain,andunderstandourworld—issimplysomethingthatcomesfromourbabyhood.Perhapsevolution（进化）providedhumanbabieswithcuriosityandanaturaldrivetoexplaintheirworlds,andadultscientistssimplymakeuseofthesamedrivethatservedthemaschildren.Thesamecognitive（认知的）systemsthatmakeyoungchildrenfeelgoodaboutfiguringsomethingoutmayhavebeenadoptedbyadultscientists.Assomepsychologistsputit,“Itisnotthatchildrenarelittlescientistsbutthatscientistsarebigchildren.”

【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。

科学家在实验室做实验和婴幼儿摆弄自己的饭碗有共同之处吗?

也许你想象不到,但是发展心理学家指出这两种行为同样都是科学调研。

文章通过实例论述了孩子通过玩耍认识到物体的相互作用,认识到人类心理以及语言使用规则。

最后,心理学家揭示了科学调研内在的根本原因和驱动力就是人类从婴儿阶段就具有的“好奇心”。

11.Accordingtosomedevelopmen