语料库语言学论文.docx

语料库语言学论文.docx

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语料库语言学论文

TheInfluenceofSocialSettingsontheDistributionof"well"and"Oh"inSpokenDiscourse:

ACorpus-basedApproach

CONTENT

Introduction1

LiteratureReview3

1.Studyondiscoursemarkers3

1.1OverviewoftheLiterature3

1.2Acommunicativecompetenceperspective3

1.3ACorpus-basedGrammarPerspective3

1.4ASociolinguisticPerspective5

1.5ASemanticCohesionPerspective5

1.6APragmaticPerspective6

1.7Conclusion6

1.ResearchonDiscourseinSpeechContexts7

2.1DiscoursePatternsinSocialSettings7

2.2DiscourseMarkersinSocialSettings8

2.3TheFunctionsofDiscourseMarker“Well”and“Oh”9

2.4TheCorpus-linguisticApproachtotheStudyofDiscourseMarkers9

2.5ResearchQuestionandHypothesis11

MethodandResults11

ImplicationsandLimitations14

Introduction

Ashumanbeings,wecommunicatetoregulateourrelationshipwiththeothersandself.Whenpeoplearecommunicating,theyareexpressingemotions,conveyingideas,makingfantasiesorexertinginfluences.Speakingisoneofthefundamentalactivitiesthroughwhichthegoalsofcommunicatingcanbeachieved.Languageisthepremisesofspeakingandontheotherhanditcanberegardedastheproductionofspeaking.Languageactsasthemessengerwhichconveyideasbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.Theuseoflanguagemaylargelydeterminewhatandhowpeoplespeak,thusaffectingtheprocessandconsequenceofcommunication.Thisrelationshipbetweenlanguageandthehumanbehaviorofspeakingconnectthestudyoflanguageandthestudyofcommunicationbehavior.Furthermore,successfulcommunicationmustbecompletedwiththepropermedium,whichissocialcontextinthesociolinguisticperspective.Peopleevolveinallkindsofactivitieseveryday,inordertocarrythroughtheseactivitiesitisimpossibletoavoidinteractionwithothers.Differentwaystocommunicatearenotonlynecessarybutalsosignificantincompletingtheobjectionsofcommunicationmadebythespeakerandthehearer,becausepeopleplaydifferentrolesindifferentsocialcontextsinwhichtherelationshipsbetweeneachotherisdifferent.Henceforwardthevariedinteractionsinvarioussocialcontextsrequirethatthebehaviorofspeakingshouldalsobevariedaccordingtodifferentsocialcontexts.Asmentionedabove,theuseoflanguagesignificantlyinfluencetheprocessandproductionofspeakingactivity.Inturn,aslongasthespeakingactivityisboundbysocialcontexts,thespeakerincertainsocialcontextmustuselanguageaccordingtothenormsandregulationsofthatcontext.Thatistosay,languageiscontextsensitive.

Thenotionthatlanguageiscontextsensitiveisnotnew.Schiffrin（1988）concludesthatcontextsfeaturessuchasculturalpresuppositionsconstraintshavepoweronalllevelsoflanguagefeatures,andontheotherwayaround,thatlanguagereflectsthosecontextsbecauseithelpstoconstitutethem.ItcanbeseenfromSchiffrin（1988）thatthelanguageisboundinsocialcontextanditismoretosaythatcontextsinfluencelanguagethantheotherwayaroundbecausecontextsisthepreconditionoftheoccurringoflanguage.Butitistruethatthestudyofeitheroneinthepaircouldfacilitatethestudyoftheother.e

Theproductionoftheparticipantscontributetotheconversationcanbecalleddiscourse.However,inthestudyofdiscourseanalysis,“discourse”isavastandambiguousterm,forithasitsintellectualrootsnotonlyinlinguistics.Despitedifferencesindefiningdiscourseandapproachestodiscourseanalysis,inthisthesistheperspectiveofStubbs（1983）istakenforitssociolinguisticview.Stubbs（1983）statesthattostudyconversationalexchangesandlanguageinuseinsocialcontexts,inparticulardialoguebetweenspeakersispartofdiscourseanalysis.

Toanalyzediscourse,itishelpfultostudydiscoursemarkersatthefirststage.Discoursemarkersarethemajordevicethatusedbyconversationparticipantstoachievetheobjectionofcommunication.Agreatmanystudies,throughdifferentperspective,suchaspragmatics,sociolinguisticsandfunctionallinguistics,havethrownlightonthenature,functionandgrammaticalfeaturesofdiscoursemarkersandconsequentlypromotetheunderstandingandfurtherstudyofdiscourseanalysis.Inasociolinguisticperspective,spokendiscourse,especiallyconversation,isinteractiveco-constructedbetweenthespeakerandthehearer,andthepatternofdiscoursemarkersoccurredinthenaturalflowofturnsbetweenthemareservedastheessentialdevicestomaintaintheprogressofconversation,untiltheultimateobjectionofcommunicationisfulfilled.Viewingthenatureandtheirvitalimportanceinauthenticcommunication,itisnecessarytostudythediscoursemarkersinreal-lifesettings,togetmoreinsightsaboutthepatternoftheminsocialinteraction. 

LiteratureReview

1.Studyondiscoursemarkers

1.1OverviewoftheLiterature

Theprogressandunderstandingofdiscoursemarkersareadvancedbycontributionsfromvariousfieldoflanguagestudies.Maybebecausediscoursemarkersaresopervasiveinlanguagethatbarelynostudyonthelinguisticsorlanguagefeaturescannotevadetoinvolvethemintheirscope.Whetheritisinthestudyofthenatureoflanguageorthestudyoflanguageinlearningandteaching,discoursemarkersarecloselyrelatedwithdiscoursecoherence.

1.2Acommunicativecompetenceperspective

Intheappliedlinguisticfieldoflanguageteachingandlearning,Bygate（1987）discussesthefeaturesofspeakingactivity,aswellasitsrelationshiplearners,proposingthatrealizingandcopingwiththosefeaturespromotetheprocessofspeaking.Becausetheprocessofspeakingistimepressure,speakershavetousedevicestofacilitateproductionandcompensateforthedifficulties.Thesedevicesarenotonlyusedbynativespeakers,theyalsoshouldbepartoftheknowledgeofforeignlanguagelearners.Bygate’sdiscussionfacilitatingdevicesincludesimplifyingstructure,ellipsis,formulaicexpressionanduseoffillerandhesitationdevices.Withfillers,heputsthattheyaretimecreatingdevicesdealingwiththeshortandunretrivalbleburstsoflanguage,makingitpossibleforthespeakerstocommentfreelyonremarksastheycomeup.Thesefillersaswellasotherfacilitatingdevicescanbefoundintheappropriateuseofphrasesformanagementofinteraction,includingagendamanagementandturntaking.Luoma（2004）suggeststhatassessingtheuseofwordssuchas“well”,“youknow”and“Imean”canbeintegratedintheassessmentcriteriaofspeakingcompetence.Theuseofthesewordsispartofpragmaticsofthespeakers’languageknowledge.Inherdoctoralthesis,Hasselgren（1998）referstoacategoryofwordsas“small”words,whichdonothaveconcretemeaningbutareusedfrequentlyinspeakingtomaintainthefluentbackandforthofspeech.Thecompetencyofmasteringthese“small”wordsinspeechisvalidatedasamarkofspeakingproficiencyofthespeaker,inspiteoftheirculturalbackgrounds.

1.3ACorpus-basedGrammarPerspective

Whereasstudiesinappliedlinguisticsfocusedontheteaching,learning,andassessingofdiscoursemarkersinviewoflearners’competenceandstrategy,studiesonspokenlanguagegrammarhavetheirorientationontheinherentcharacteristicsoflanguagegrammar.InexploringthespokengrammarofEnglishlanguage,Biberetal.（1999）claimsthatthedifferentanalysisofgrammarbetweenconversationallanguageandwrittenlanguageliesinthefactthattheunitsofconversationallanguageisnotsentenceandsuchunitsasfundamentalstructureunitsofgrammartreatedtraditionallyandinmoderntheorydonotexistinconversationallanguage.Similarly,theexplorationofspokengrammarcannotgowithouttakingthenaturalfeaturesofconversationintoconsideration.Featuresofconversationsuchashappeninginsharedcontext,avoidingelaborationorspecificationofmeaningandemployingavernacularrangeofexpressionsleadparticipantsofconversationusecompositeutterancetocopewiththepressurecausedbythefeaturesofconversationandatthesametimetoconveysomefairlycomplexmessages.Tostartacompositeutterance,itisfrequenttouseutterancelaunchersasmarkerstoshowtheotherparticipantintheconversationthatanotherturnisintended.Amongtheutterancelaunchers,insertsfunctionasthemarkersofstartingofaturn,sotheirlocationisalwaysatthebeginningofcertainutterance.Discoursemarkerslike“well”,“youknow”,“Imean”isonlyonekindofinserts,othermostcommoninsertsincludeinterjection（Oh）,responseforms（yes）andhesitations.（um,er）.Heretheclassificationsubordinatingdiscoursemarkersasinsertsmaybedifferentfromthatinlinguisticstudy,especiallyinthefielddiscourseanalysiswhichwilledbediscussedlater,butitistruethatthisclassificationismadefromtheviewoftheirfunctionsandisopen,andthattheyaremultifunctional.Forexample,“Oh”,asbyfarthemostcommonoftheinterjections,sharesalsointhefunctionofdiscoursemarkers,andresponseforms.Inadditiontothedefinitionofinsertsfromafunctionalandutteranceinitialview,inserts,ontheotherhand,aredefinedasaclassofstandalonewordswhichare“characterizedingeneralbytheirinabilitytoenterintosyntacticrationswithotherstructures”.（Biberetal.,1999,1082）Henceforward,thedefinitionofdiscoursemarkersmadebyBiberetal:

“discoursemarkersareinsertswhichtendtooccuratthebeginningofaturnorautterance,andtocombinetwoofroles:

tosignalatransmutationintheevolvingprogressoftheconversation,andtosignalaninteractiverelationshipbetweenthespeaker,hearerandmessage”.（Biberetal.,19