对外汉语了的位置及用法.docx

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对外汉语了的位置及用法.docx

对外汉语了的位置及用法

了 forcompletedactions

 

Exercises

          

Otherterminology:

aspectualparticle"了"

 

1.WhenshouldIuseit?

 

Whenyouwanttoexpressthatanactioniscompleted.Normally 了 shouldbeplacedaftermainverbsorattheendofsentences.

HE  

măi le  

买  了  

BUY LE

sān    zhāng  piào

三      张      票

THREE ZHANG TICKETS

Hehasbought3tickets.

SHE 

bă jiŭ      ná lái               le 

把 酒     拿 来              了  

BA WINE   TAKE(TOWARDS) LE

Shehasbroughtthewine.                  

 

2.WhenshouldIplacethe 了 attheendofasentence,andwhenshouldIplaceitafterthemainverbofasentence?

 

1. Iftheobjectofasentenceisasimpleonei.e.anoun,whichisnotattachedtoanumber

andmeasureword,andnotattachedtoadescriptiveclause(的 clause), 了 canbeplacedattheendofthesentence.Inthiscasetheparticle 了 hasmanyfunctions:

itmayindicatethecompletedaction,orachangeofsituation,itmayalsoindicateanimminentaction.

s.           v.    o. le

wŏmenchī fàn    le

我 们   吃  饭     了.

WE         EAT MEALLE

We haveeaten.. [Completedaction]

Nowweareeating. (Wedidn'teatbefore.)[Changeofsituation]

Weareabouttoeat. (我 们 要 吃 饭 了.)

 

3.IsitincorrectifIplace 了 aftertheverbinasimple-objectsentence?

 

No,itisnotincorrect,butitseemsasifthesentenceisnotyetfinished.Itmaylooklikethefirstclauseofthe verb了...就...construction.Forexample(Alsoseepattern5.),

tā   chī le  fàn...     (jiù qùkàn diànyĭng)

他 吃  了 饭 ...     (就 去 看  电  影.)

HE  EAT LE MEAL...    (JIUGO SEE  FILM)

Afterhefinishesthemeal...(he'llgotoseeafilm.)

 

4.CanIplace 了 attheendofasentencethathasacomplexobject?

 

No.Iftheobjectofasentenceisacomplicatedone,i.e.itisprecededbyanumberwordandmeasureword,oradescriptiveclause, 了 isplacedafterthemainverbofthesentence.

s. v. le  num. mw.   o.

tā chī le  liăng wăn   fàn                      

他 吃 了  两   碗      饭.

HE EAT LE TWO BOWLS  RICE

Hehaseatentwobowlsofrice.

 

5.WhereshouldIplace 了 ifasentencehasatimemeasure?

 

Ifanactionisattachedtoatimemeasure(e.g.,duration,lengthoftime)oranactionmeasure(e.g.,manytimes), 了 isplacedafterthemainverb.Thefollowingthreealternativepatternssharethesamefeature,thatis,theyhave 了 afterthemainverbs.

s.                  v.      letm.(am.)   de o.           (le)

HE

xué       leliăngnián  de zhōngwén (le)

学       了 两    年   的 中   文   (了*)

STUDY  LE  TWO   YEAR DE  CHINESE  (LE)

HestudiedChinesefor2years.

s.           v.     o.               v.  le   tm.(am.)  (le)

tā        xué zhōngwén 

他        学  中    文  

xué leliăngniăn(le)  

学  了 两  年  (了)

o.                   s.             v.   le  tm.(am.)  (le)

zhōngwén      tā 

中   文          他

nàgediànyĭngwŏ

那个 电 影    我 

xué  le liăngniăn (le)

学  了  两  年   (了)

kànle liăngbiàn (le)

看 了  两  遍   (了**)

Ihavewatchedthatfilmtwice.

 

nà    shìwŭniánqiándeshì        le                  wŏmen shìduō   nián    de lăopéngyoule

那     是五  年   前  的  事        了.                我们    是  多     年     的 老   朋 友   了.

THATISFIVEYEARAGODEMATTERLE                      WE         AREMANYYEARS DE OLDFRIEND LE

Thatincidenthappened5yearsago Wehavebeenoldfriendformanyyears.

 

6.Isatimemeasureplacedafter 了 inanegativesentence?

 

No,negativesentencesofthiskindarenormallyinadifferentwordorder.Thetime-measureshouldbeplacedbeforethenegation没.Forinstance,ifyouwanttosay:

"Ihaven'teatenChinesefoodforages."Itshouldbeinthefollowingwordorder:

s.                  tm.                           neg.           v.     o.              le  

wŏ 

I  

hăojiŭ    

好 久  

LONGTIME  

méi      没

NOT 

chī    zhōngguócài  le 

吃     中  国    菜   了

EAT   CHINESE FOOD LE

Ihaven’teatenChinesefoodforalongtime.

      

7.DoIhavetoputthetime-measuresbefore 没 inallnegativesentences?

 

No.Ifyouwanttodenyanaffirmativestatementwhichhasatime-measure,thenthetime-measureshouldbeplacedafterthemainverb.

s. neg. v.   tm.     o.      

wŏméixuésānniánzhōngwén,   wŏzhĭ xué    leliăngnián

我 没  学   三  年   中 文,        我 只学     了 两 年.

I NOT LEARN 3 YEAR CHINESE,        I ONLY LEARNLE 2  YEAR)

 Ididn'tlearnChinesefor3years,Ionlydidfor2years.         

 

8.DoIhavetoput 了 aftereveryverbinasentence,ifthesentencehasasequenceofactions?

 

Ifasequenceofactionsinthesentencearecompleted, 了 isusuallyplacedafterthelastverbofthesentence.

s.                v.1 o.1                  v.2          le (tm.   )            o.2

tā 

HE

qù zhōngguó    去 中  国  

GO  CHINA     

xué    le  sì nián     jīngjù

学    了 四 年      京 剧

STUDY LE FOURYEAR PEKINGOPERA 

HewenttoChinatostudyPekingoperafor4years.

 

tā 

HE

qù zhōngguó    去 中  国  

GO  CHINA    

măi  le cíqì

买   了瓷器

BUY LE  CHINA

HewenttoChinaandboughtsomeChina.

 

Ifyouleave 了 attheendofsentences,itnormallyindicatesachangeofthesituation.Let'scomparethefollowingtwosentences:

 

1.(Completedaction)         tāqùzhōngguóxué    lezhōngwén

                                          他去中 国      学     了中   文. 

                                          HEGO CHINA     STUDYLE CHINESE

                                          HewenttoChinaandstudiedChinese.

 

2.(Changeofsituation)     tāqùzhōngguóxuézhōngwén  le   

                                         他去中    国    学 中  文     了.

                                                HEGO CHINA    STUDYCHINESE  LE

                                        HehasgonetoChinatostudyChinese.(He'snothere)

 

9.DoIalwayshavetoplace 了 afterthelastverbofasentencewhendescribingasequenceofactions?

 

No.Thereisanothersentencepattern,whichindicatessequenceofactions,butthefirstsequenceinthesentenceisconditional.Inthissentence pattern 了 isplacedafterthefirstverbwhichisintheconditionalclause,andtheadverb 就 isplacedbeforethesecondverbofthesentence.Thiskindofconstructionhasasenseofurgency,whichmeansthattheactioninthe 就 clausetakesplaceimmediatelyafterthecompletionofthefirstaction.

s. v.1le o.1         jiuv.2        o.2

tā dàole zhōngguójiùzhăo      péngyou.

他 到       了 中 国 就 找         朋 友 .

HE ARRIVELE CHINA  JIU LOOKFORFRIEND

He'lllookforfriendimmediatelyafterhearrivesinChina.

Asyoucansee,thatsentencedescribestheactioninfuture,butifyouplaceanother 了 attheendofthesentence,thenitmeansthatbothactionshavetakenplace.

                                

10.DoIalwayshavetouse 了 toindicateacompletedaction?

 

No,notalways.Firstofall,theparticle 了 forcompletedactionisnotusedinnegativesentences.Instead 没 shouldbeplacedbeforethemainverbofthesentence.

s.mei    v. o.

tā méi  chīfàn.

他 没   吃 饭.

HE NOT  EATMEAL

Hedidn'teatthemeal.

 

11.Apartfromthenegation,arethereanycircumstancesinwhich 了 isnotused?

 

Inthefollowingsituationstheparticle 了 forcompletedactionsisnotused.

1.了 isnotusedforprolongedandregularactionsinthepast.Inotherwords,ifthesentencecontainswordssuchas 每天,年年,常常... theparticle 了 forthecompletedactionisnotused.

 

wŏyĭqián     zàizhōngguójiāoshū

我以 前      在 中  国     教 书.

I INTHEPAST IN   CHINA     TEACH

ItaughtinChinainthepast.

 

qùnián      wŏchángcháng gēn wŏnǚ péngyou qùkàndiànyĭng

去年         我  常   常      跟   我 女 朋 友     去 看  电 影.

LASTYEAR  I     OFTEN         WITHMYGIRLFRIEND  GOSEE FILMS

LastyearIoftenwenttoseefilmswithmygirlfriend.

 

2. 了 isnotusedinsentenceswhichhavemodalverbssuchas 应该, 得(dei), 可以, 能, 会, 要, 想,orforverbswhichindicatefeelingssuchas 爱,喜欢, 觉得, 知道, 愿意, 肯.

zuótiān        nĭ  yīnggāi qùkàn tā

昨天           你  应该   去 看   他.

YESTERDAY YOU  SHOULDGOSEEHIM

Youshould'vegonetoseehimyesterday.

              

shíniányĭqián tā   hĕn xĭihuān  chī făguó  cài

十年 以前    她  很    喜 欢  吃  法国    菜.

TENYEARAGO  SHE VERY  LIKE     EATFRENCH FOOD

TenyearsagoshelikedeatingFrenchfoodverymuch.

 

3. 了 isnotusedwhen 是, 在, 有*arethemainverbsofsentences.

shàngxīnqī tā zài       bĕijīng

上    星期  他 在       北 京.

LAST  WEEK HE WAS(IN)BEIJING

HewasinBeijinglastweek.

 

yĭqián  tā    yŏu  hĕn duō  qián

以前    他  有   很   多     钱.

BEFORE HE   HAD VERY MUCHMONEY

Inthepasthehadalotofmoney.

 

If 有 (toposses)isusedasthemainverbofasentence, 了(forcompletedaction)isnotused.However, 了 canbeusediftheobjectofasentenceisanabstractonewhichhasanimplicationofaction,suchas“development”,“improvement” 他的学习有了很大的进步. Hehasimprovedgreatlyinhisstudies.

 

4. 了 isnotusedfordirectandindirectspeeches.

dir.speech     zuótiān       tāwènwŏ:

 "nĭ yào    qùzhōngguóma"

                     昨天         他问    我:

 "你 要      去  中 国    吗?

"

                   YESTERDAY   HEASKME:

 "YOUWANT GOCHINA     MA?

"

                     Yesterdayheaskedme:

"WouldyouliketogotoChina?

"

indir.speech  zuótiān       tāwènwŏ:

 yào  qùzhōngguóma

                     昨 天         他 问 我   要     去  中   国  吗.

                    YESTERDAY HEASK ME WANTGO CHINA      MA

                     YesterdayheaskedmeifIwouldliketogotoChina.

 

Asyoucansee,inthesituationswhent

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