文学导论知识点doc.docx
《文学导论知识点doc.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《文学导论知识点doc.docx（12页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。
文学导论知识点doc
poetry
（一）ElementsofPoetry
Rhyme（Rime）
Rhymeistherepetitionofthestressedvowelsoundandallsucceedingsounds
1.SingleorMasculinerhyme单（阳）韵----rhymingsoundsinvolveonlyone
syllable.
E.g.
cold,bold;
thing,king;
day,way
1.DoubleorFemininerhyme双叠（阴）韵----rhymingsoundsinvolvetwoormore
syllables.
E.g.
begin,again；
flatter,matter;
3.Triplerhyme三叠韵----akindoffemininerhymeinwhichidenticalstressed
vowelsoundsarefollowedbytwoidenticalunstressedsyllables.
E.g.machinery,scenery;
tenderly,slenderly;
spitefully,delightfully;
remember,September
4.Internalrhyme（行内韵）----atleastoneoftherhymingwordsarewithinthe
line.E.g.“Eachnarcroewllinwhichwedwell”;“thgerainsbeyondage,the
darkveinsofhermother”
5.Endrhyme（orTerminalrhyme）（行尾韵）----thebothrhymingwordsoccurat
theendsoflines.（Thecommonestandmostconsciouslysought-aftersound
repetitioninEnglishpoetry.）E.g.
Undermywindow,acleanraspingsound
Whenthespadesinksintogravellyground.
Letusrollallourstrength,andall
OurSweetness,upintooneball.
6.BeginningRhyme行首词韵----rhymethatoccursinthefirstsyllableor
syllablesofsuccessivelines.E.g.
WhyshouldIhavereturned?
Myknowledgewouldnotfitintotheirs.
Ifounduntouchedthedesertoftheunknown.
7.InterlacedorCrossedRhyme交错韵----Wordsinthemiddleofeachline
rhyme.Itoccursinlongcouplets,especiallythehexameter.E.g.
Laurelisgreenforaseason,andloveissweetforaday,
Butlovegrowsbitterwithtreason,andlaureloutlivesnotMay.
8.PerfectorExactrhyme（全韵）----differingconsonantsoundsarefollowedby
identicalstressedvowelsounds,andthefollowingsoundsareidentical.
E.g.
foe,toe;meet,fleet;buffer,rougher;fix,stic;ks
9.Halfrhymeoroffrhyme,nearrhyme,obliquerhyme,slantrhyme）（斜韵）
----thefemininerhymesthatdonotrhymecompletely.E.g.
frightful,slightly;
yellow,pillow；
mirth,forth；
trolley,bully
10.yerhyme（视觉韵）----formedbywordsthatlookalikearhymedunitbutdo
nothavethesamesounds.E.gc.ough,bough；home,some;hear,bear
11.Approximaterhymes
Alliteration头韵----repetitionofinitialsounds.E.g.alltheawfulauguries..
Bringmemybowofburninggold;
moreoftendefinedastherepetitionofconsonants.E.g.
afterlife’fsitfulfever
（二）Rhymescheme（押韵格式）
----thepatternofalternatingendrhymesinastanzaorpoem.Inanalysisofa
rhymescheme,eachrhymeisrepresentedbyasmallletter.E.g.
Loveisasicknessfullofwoes,（a）
Allremediesrefusing;（b）
Aplantthatwithmostcuttinggrows（a）
Mostbarrenwithbestusing.（b）Whyso?
（c）
（三）Stanza----
agroupoflinesofverseformingoneoftheunitsordivisionsofapoem.（Itis
usuallyrecurrent,characterizedbyaregularpattern,withrespecttoorunder
determinationof,thenumberoflines,andarrangementofmeterofrhym）e.
Commonstanzaformsincludethecouplet,thetriplet,andthequatrain
Couplet----twosuccessiverhyminglines:
Forthysweetloverememb’redsuchwealthbrings
ThatthenIscorntochangemystatewithkings.
（ThecoupletisoneofthemainverseunitsinWesternliterature,andisaform
ofgreatantiquity.ChaucerwasoneofthefirstEnglishpoetstouseitandit’s
generallythoughtthatChaucerdevelopedtheform）.
Triplet----astanzaofthreelines;anindividualpoemofthreelines.E.g.
WhenasinsilksmyJuliagoes
Then,then（methinks）howsweetlyflows
Thatliquefactionofherclothes.
Next,whenIcastmineeyesandsee
Thatbravevibrationeachwayfree;
Ohowthatglitteringtakethme!
Quatrain----astanzaoranindividualpoemoffourlinesrhymedorunrhymed.
ItoccursasthecommonestofallstanzaicformsinEasternandWesternpoetries,
andlendsitselftowidevariationinmeterandrhyme.E.g.
Ienvynotinanymoods
Thecaptivevoidofnoblerage,
Thelinnetbornwithinthecage
Thatneverknewthesummerwoods;
IenvynotthebeastthattakesHislicenseinthefieldoftime,
unfetteredbythesenseofcrime,
Towhomaconscienceneverwakes.
OtherStanzaicforms：
Quintain----astanzaoranindividualpoemof5lines.
Sexain,orsixain,sextain,hexastich/`he?
kstik/----astanzaof6linesHeptastich/`hept?
stik/----astanzaoranindividualpoemof7lines.
Sonnet----a14-linepoem./
（四）MetricalRhythm
Accentsandpauses
Inpoetry,theendofalineofverseisitselfamarkofpunctuation.
Ifthelastwordofalineisfollowedbynopunctuationandispartofacontinuing
grammaticalunitlikeaprepositionalphrase,wecallthelinreun-on,orenjambed.（跨行连续）
E.g.somuchdepends
upon
aredwheel
barrow
glazedwithrain
water
besidethewhite
chickens.
（WilliamCarlosWilliams）
MetricalRhythm
Meter（韵律，格律）----derivedfromtheGreekword“metron”meaning
“measure”R.eferstotheregularpatternofstressed（markedasOor/）and
unstressedsyllables（markedasoor~;u;xetc.）.E.g.
morningOo（or:
/~）
verbalizeOoo（or:
/~~）tomorrowoOo（or:
~/~）
againoO（or:
~/）
MetricalRhythm
NamesforMeters:
1.Iamb/`ai?
mb/（Iambic/ai`?
mbik/adj.）:
anunstressedsyllablefollowedbya
stressedsyllable.抑扬格（英）；短长格（西、拉）oO（~/）（da-dum）
E.g.againoO（or:
~/）
ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?
Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate
oOoOoOoOoO
ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?
oOoOoOoOoO
Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.
2.Trochee/`tr?
uki:
/（trochaic/tr?
u`keiik/adj.）:
astressedsyllablefollowedbyan
unstressedsyllable.扬抑格（英）；长短格（西、拉）Oo（/~）
（dum-da）
E.g.morningOo（or:
/~）
Tiger!
Tiger!
burningbright
Intheforestsofthenight.
OoOoOoO
Tiger!
Tiger!
burningbright
OoOoOoO
Intheforestsofthenight.
OR:
/~/~/~/
Tiger!
Tiger!
burningbright
/~/~/~/
Intheforestsofthenight.
3.AnapestorAnapaest/`?
n?
pi:
st/（AnapesticorAnapaestic/?
n?
`pi:
stik/adj.）:
twounstressedsyllablesfollowedbyastressedsylla抑bl抑e扬格（英）；短短长
格（西、拉）.ooO（~~/）（da-da-dum）
E.g.beneficial
⋯theoldinnandthelights,andthefire
Andthefiddler’soldtuneandtheshufflingoffeet
ooOooOooO
⋯theoldinnandthelights,andthefire
ooOooOooOooO
Andthefiddler’soldtuneandtheflisnhguofffeet
4.Dactyl/`d?
ktil/（Dactylic/d?
k`tilik/adj.）:
astressedsyllablefollowedbytwo
unstressedsyllable扬s.抑抑格；长短短格
Ooo（/~~）E.g.verbalizeOoo（/~~）
OooOooOooOo
Justforahandfulofsilverheleftus,
OooOooOooO
Justforaribandtostickinhiscoa–t
5.syllables扬.抑抑格；长短短格
Ooo（/~~）E.g.verbalizeOoo（/~~）
OooOooOooOoJustforahandfulofsilverheleftus,
OooOooOooO
Justforaribandtostickinhiscoa–t
6.Spondee/`sp?
ndi:
/（Spondaic/sp?
n`deiik/adj.）:
astressedsyllablefollowedby
anotherstressedsyllable扬.扬格OO（//）mostoftenusedasasubstitutefor
aniambortrocheeE.g.
Smartlad,toslipbetimesaway
OOoOoOoO
（五）Foot诗的音步
----Aunitofpoeticmeterofstressedandunstressedsyllablesiscalledafoot.Namesforfeet:
Monometer/m?
`n?
mit?
（r）/:
onefoot单音步诗行
Dimeter/`dimit?
（r）/:
twofeet二音步诗行；二步格诗行
Trimeter/`trimit?
（r）/:
threefeet三音步诗行
Tetrameter/te`tr?
mit?
（r）/:
fourfeet
Pentameter/pen`t?
mit?
（r）/:
fivefeet
Hexameter/hek`s?
mit?
（r）/:
sixfeetHeptameter/hep`t?
mit?
（r）/:
sevenfeet
Octameter/?
k`t?
mit?
（r）/:
eightfeet
Nonameter/n?
`n?
mit?
（r）:
ninefeet
（linescontainingmorethansevenfeetdonotoftenoccurinEnglishverse）
Illustrationsofmetricalrhythms:
iambicpentameter
oOoOoOoOoO
ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?
oOoOoOoOoO
Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.
oOoOoOoOoO
RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,
oOoOoOoOoOAndsumme’rsleasehathalltooshortadate:
Twotermsmarkingthemetricalpatternandrhymeschemeofapoem:
Scansion（音律分析：
将诗行分成音步，标出重音位置，算出音节）----to
markthestressedandunstressedsyllablesandrhymeschemeistoscan.
Caesura/si:
`zju?
r?
/（诗行中根据意思而作的）主要停顿----apauseina
lineofversedictatedbysenseornaturalspeechrhythmratherthanbymetricsiscalledcaesura,whichisoftenmarkedwith‖”“
Illustrationofcaesurae:
Meanwhile,‖decliningfromthenoonofday
Thesunobliquely‖shootshisburningray;
Thehungryjudges‖soonthesentencesign
Andwretcheshang‖thatjurymenmaydine⋯
KindsofPoetry
1.Ballad2.Lyric
3.NarrativePoem4.Epic5.Sonnet6.Ode
7.Elegy8.Pastoral
9.BlankVerse10.FreeVerse
NarrativePoem（叙事诗）:
A.Ifapoemmainlytellsarelativelycompletestory,
itiscalledanarrativepoem.B.widespreadinmanyliteraturesandcontinuetobewrittenandread.
Epic（史诗）:
a）oneoftheancienttypesofpoetry.
b）playsaveryimportantroleinearlydevelopmentofliteratureand
civilization
c）longnarrativepoemofgreatscaleandgrandiosestyleaboutheroeswhoare
usuallywarriorsorevendemigods
d）dealswithnoblecharactersandheroicdeeds
e）incorporatesmyth,legendandfolktale
f）reflectsnationalhistory,thusmoreculturalthanliterary
Sonnet（十四行诗）:
a）oneofthemostconventionalandinfluentialformsofpoetryin
Europe----popularinRenaissanceItaly,andthereafterinSpain,Portugal
andotherEuropeancountries.
b）GermanandEnglishRomanticsrevivedtheform,whichremainspopular.
c）alyricinvariablyof14lines,usuallyiniambic/ai`?
mbik/pentameter/pen'
t?
mit?
/,restrictedtoadefiniterhymescheme.
Sonnet:
therearethreeprominenttypesofsonnet,allnamedaftertheirfounders
orperfecters
1）ShakespeareanSonne莎t士比亚体十四行诗
alsocalledElizabethansonnetorEnglishsonnet.structuredofthreequatrainsandaterminalcoupletiniambicpentameter
withtherhymep
升级会员 