文学导论知识点doc.docx

1、文学导论知识点docpoetry（一）Elements of PoetryRhyme (Rime)Rhyme is the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds1. Single or Masculine rhyme 单（阳）韵 -rhyming soundsinvolve only onesyllable.E.g.cold, bold;thing, king;day, way1.Double or Feminine rhyme双叠（阴）韵-rhyming sounds involve two or m

2、oresyllables.E.g.begin, again；flatter, matter;3. Triple rhyme 三叠韵-a kind of feminine rhyme in which identical stressedvowel sounds are followed by two identical unstressedsyllables.E.g. machinery, scenery;tenderly, slenderly;spitefully, delightfully;remember, September4. Internal rhyme（行内韵） -at leas

3、t one of the rhyming words are within theline. E.g. “Each narcroewll in which we dwell”; “thgerainsbeyond age, thedark veinsof her mother ”5. End rhyme(or Terminal rhyme)（行尾韵）-the both rhyming words occur atthe ends of lines. (The commonestand most consciouslysought-after soundrepetition in English

4、poetry.) E.g.Under my window, a clean raspingsoundWhen the spade sinks into gravellyground.Let us roll all our strength, andallOur Sweetness, up into oneball.6. Beginning Rhyme 行首词韵 -rhyme that occurs in the first syllable orsyllables of successive lines. E.g.Why should I have returned?My knowledge

5、would not fit into theirs.I found untouched the desert of the unknown.7. Interlaced or Crossed Rhyme 交错韵-Words in the middle of each linerhyme. It occurs in long couplets, especially the hexameter. E.g.Laurel is green for aseason, and love is sweet for a day,But love grows bitter withtreason, and la

6、urel outlives not May.8.Perfect or Exact rhyme（全韵） -differing consonant sounds are followed byidentical stressed vowel sounds, and the following sounds are identical.E.g.foe, toe; meet, fleet; buffer, rougher; fix, stic;ks9 .Half rhyme or off rhyme, near rhyme, oblique rhyme, slant rhyme) （斜韵）-the f

7、eminine rhymes that do not rhyme completely. E.g.frightful, slightly;yellow, pillow；mirth, forth；trolley, bully10.ye rhyme（视觉韵） -formed by words that look alike a rhymed unit but donot have the same sounds. E.gc.ough, bough； home, some; hear, bear11. Approximate rhymesAlliteration 头韵-repetition of i

8、nitial sounds. E.g. al l the awful auguries.Bring me my bow of burning gold;more often defined as the repetition of consonants. E.g.af ter lifefsitful fever（二）Rhyme scheme（押韵格式）-the pattern of alternating end rhymes in a stanza or poem. In analysis of arhyme scheme, each rhyme is represented by a sm

9、all letter. E.g.Love is a sickness full of woes, (a)All remedies refusing; (b)A plant that with most cutting grows (a)Most barren with best using. (b)Why so? (c)（三）Stanza-a group of lines of verse forming one of the units or divisions of a poem.（It isusually recurrent, characterized by a regular pat

10、tern, with respectto or underdetermination of, the number of lines, and arrangement of meter of rhym）e.Common stanza forms include the couplet, the triplet, and the quatrainCouplet-two successive rhyming lines:For thy sweet love rememb red such wealth bringsThat then I scorn to change my state with

11、kings.（The couplet is one of the main verse units in Western literature, and is a formof great antiquit y. Chaucer was one of the first English poets to use it and it sgenerally thought that Chaucer developed the form）.Triplet-a stanza of three lines; an individual poem of three lines. E. g.When as

12、in silks my Julia goesThen, then (methinks) how sweetly flowsThat liquefaction of her clothes.Next, when I cast mine eyes and seeThat brave vibration each way free;O how that glittering taketh me!Quatrain -a stanza or an individual poem of four lines rhymed or unrhymed.It occurs as the commonest of

13、all stanzaic forms in Eastern and Western poetries,and lends itself to wide variation in meter and rhyme. E.g.I envy not in any moodsThe captive void of noble rage,The linnet born within the cageThat never knew the summer woods;I envy not the beast that takesHis license in the field of time,unfetter

14、ed by the sense of crime,To whom a conscience never wakes.Other Stanzaic forms：Quintain-a stanza or an individual poem of 5 lines.Sexain, or sixain, sextain, hexastich/he?kstik/ -a stanza of 6 linesHeptastich/hept?stik/ -a stanza or an individual poem of 7 lines.Sonnet-a 14-line poem./（四）Metrical Rh

15、ythmAccents and pausesIn poetry, the end of a line of verse is itself a mark of punctuation.If the last word of a line is followed by no punctuation and is part of a continuinggrammatical unit like a prepositional phrase, we call the linreun-on, or enjambed. （ 跨行连续）E.g. so much dependsupona red whee

16、lbarrowglazed with rainwaterbeside the whitechickens.(William Carlos Williams)Metrical RhythmMeter ( 韵律，格律)- derived from the Greek word “metron”meaning“measure”R.efers to the regular pattern of stressed(marked as O or /) andunstressed syllables (marked as o or ; u; x etc.).E. g.morning O o (or: / )

17、verbalize O o o (or: / )tomorrow o O o (or: / )again o O (or: /)Metrical RhythmNames for Meters:1. Iamb /ai?mb/(Iambic /ai?mbik/ adj.): an unstressed syllable followed by astressed syllable.抑扬格（英）；短长格 （西、拉） o O ( /) (da-dum)E. g. again o O (or: /)Shall I compare thee to a summer s day?Thou art more

18、lovely and more temperateo O o O o O o O o OShall I compare thee to a summer s day?o O o O o O o O o OThou art more lovely and more temperate.2. Trochee /tr?uki:/(trochaic /tr ?ukeiik/ adj.): a stressed syllable followed by anunstressed syllable.扬抑格（英）；长短格（西、拉） O o (/ )(dum-da)E. g. morning O o (or:

19、 / )Tiger! Tiger! burning brightIn the forests of the night.O o O o O o OTiger! Tiger! burning brightO o O o O o OIn the forests of the night.OR:/ / / /Tiger! Tiger! burning bright/ / / /In the forests of the night.3. Anapest or Anapaest/?n?pi:st/ (Anapestic or Anapaestic /?n?pi:stik/ adj.):two unst

20、ressed syllables followed by a stressed sylla抑bl抑e扬格 （英）；短短长格（西、拉） . o o O ( /) (da-da-dum)E. g. beneficial the old inn and the lights, and the fireAnd the fiddler s old tune and the shuffling of feeto o O o o O o o O the old inn and the lights, and the fireo o O o o O o o O o o OAnd the fiddler s o

21、ld tune and theflisnhguof f feet4. Dactyl /d?ktil/(Dactylic /d?ktilik/ adj.): a stressed syllable followed by twounstressed syllable扬s.抑抑格；长短短格O o o (/ )E. g. verbalize O o o (/ )O o o O o o O o o O oJust for a handful of silver he left us,O o o O o o O o o OJust for a riband to stick in his coat5.

22、syllables扬. 抑抑格；长短短格O o o (/ )E. g. verbalize O o o (/ )O o o O o o O o o O oJust for a handful of silver he left us,O o o O o o O o o OJust for a riband to stick in his coat6. Spondee /sp? ndi:/(Spondaic /sp? ndeiik/ adj.): a stressed syllable followed byanother stressed syllable扬.扬格 O O (/ /) most

23、 often used as a substitute foran iamb or trocheeE. g.Smart lad, to slip betimes awayO O o O o O o O（五） Foot诗的音步-A unit of poetic meter of stressedand unstressedsyllables is called a foot.Names for feet:Monometer/m? n? mit ?(r)/ : one foot单音步诗行Dimeter/dimit ?(r)/ : two feet 二音步诗行；二步格诗行Trimeter/trimi

24、t ?(r)/ : three feet 三音步诗行Tetrameter/tetr?mit ?(r)/ : four feetPentameter/pent?mit?(r)/ : five feetHexameter/heks?mit?(r)/ : six feet Heptameter/hept?mit?(r)/ : seven feetOctameter/? kt?mit ?(r)/ : eight feetNonameter/n? n?mit ?(r) : nine feet( lines containing more than seven feet do not often occu

25、r in English verse)Illustrations of metrical rhythms: iambic pentametero O o O o O o O o OShall I compare thee to a summer s day?o O o O o O o O o OThou art more lovely and more temperate.o O o O o O o O o ORough winds do shake the darling buds of May,o O o O o O o O o O And summer s lease hath all

26、too short a date:Two terms marking the metrical pattern and rhyme scheme of a poem:Scansion（音律分析：将诗行分成音步，标出重音位置，算出音节） -tomark the stressed and unstressed syllables and rhyme scheme is to scan.Caesura/si:zju?r ?/(诗行中根据意思而作的）主要停顿- a pause in aline of verse dictated by sense or natural speech rhythm ra

27、ther than by metrics is called caesura, which is often marked with” “Illustration of caesurae:Mean while, declining from the noon of dayThe sun obliquely shoots his burning ray;The hungry judges soon the sentence signAnd wretches hang that jurymen may dine Kinds of Poetry1. Ballad 2. Lyric3.Narrativ

28、e Poem 4.Epic 5.Sonnet 6.Ode7.Elegy 8.Pastoral9.Blank Verse 10.Free VerseNarrative Poem （叙事诗） :A. If a poem mainly tells a relatively complete story,it is called a narrative poem. B. widespread in many literatures andcontinue to be written and read.Epic （史诗）:a) one of the ancient types of poetry.b)

29、plays a very important role in early development of literature andcivilizationc) long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about heroes who areusually warriors or even demigodsd) deals with noble characters and heroic deedse) incorporates myth, legend and folk talef) reflects national h

30、istory, thus more cultural than literarySonnet（十四行诗） :a) one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry inEurope-popular in RenaissanceItaly, and thereafter in Spain, Portugaland other European countries.b) German and English Romantics revived the form, which remains popular.c) a lyric

31、 invariably of 14 lines, usually in iambic /ai ?mbik/ pentameter /pent?mit ?/ , restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.Sonnet: there are three prominent types of sonnet, all named after their foundersor perfecters1) Shakespearean Sonne莎t 士比亚体十四行诗also called Elizabethan sonnet or English sonnet.structured of three quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameterwith the rhyme p