孙子兵法中英对照.docx
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孙子兵法中英对照
孙子兵法(中英对照)
孙子兵法TheArtofWar
孙武BySunTzu
TranslatedbyLionelGiles
始计第一
LayingPlans
孙子曰:
兵者,国之大事,死生之地,存亡之道,不可不察也。
SunTzusaid:
TheartofwarisofvitalimportancetotheState.Itisamatteroflifeanddeath,aroadeithertosafetyortoruin.Henceitisasubjectofinquirywhichcanonnoaccountbeneglected.
故经之以五事,校之以计,而索其情:
一曰道,二曰天,三曰地,四曰将,五曰法。
Theartofwar,then,isgovernedbyfiveconstantfactors,tobetakenintoaccountinone'sdeliberations,whenseekingtodeterminetheconditionsobtaininginthefield.
Theseare:
(1)TheMoralLaw;
(2)Heaven;(3)Earth;(4)TheCommander;(5)Methodanddiscipline.
道者,令民于上同意,可与之死,可与之生,而不危也;
TheMoralLawcausesthepeopletobeincompleteaccordwiththeirruler,sothattheywillfollowhimregardlessoftheirlives,undismayedbyanydanger.
天者,阴阳、寒暑、时制也;
Heavensignifiesnightandday,coldandheat,timesandseasons.
地者,远近、险易、广狭、死生也;
Earthcomprisesdistances,greatandsmall;dangerandsecurity;opengroundandnarrowpasses;thechancesoflifeanddeath.
将者,智、信、仁、勇、严也;
TheCommanderstandsforthevirtuesofwisdom,sincerely,benevolence,courageandstrictness.
法者,曲制、官道、主用也。
Bymethodanddisciplinearetobeunderstoodthemarshalingofthearmyinitspropersubdivisions,thegraduationsofrankamongtheofficers,themaintenanceofroadsbywhichsuppliesmayreachthearmy,andthecontrolofmilitaryexpenditure.
凡此五者,将莫不闻,知之者胜,不知之者不胜。
Thesefiveheadsshouldbefamiliartoeverygeneral:
hewhoknowsthemwillbevictorious;hewhoknowsthemnotwillfail.
故校之以计,而索其情,曰:
主孰有道?
Therefore,inyourdeliberations,whenseekingtodeterminethemilitaryconditions,letthembemadethebasisofacomparison,inthiswise:
--
将孰有能?
天地孰得?
法令孰行?
兵众孰强?
士卒孰练?
赏罚孰明?
吾以此知胜负矣。
(1)WhichofthetwosovereignsisimbuedwiththeMorallaw?
(2)Whichofthetwogeneralshasmostability?
(3)WithwhomlietheadvantagesderivedfromHeavenandEarth?
(4)Onwhichsideisdisciplinemostrigorouslyenforced?
(5)Whicharmyisstronger?
(6)Onwhichsideareofficersandmenmorehighlytrained?
(7)Inwhicharmyistherethegreaterconstancybothinrewardandpunishment?
BymeansofthesesevenconsiderationsIcanforecastvictoryordefeat.
将听吾计,用之必胜,留之;将不听吾计,用之必败,去之。
Thegeneralthathearkenstomycounselandactsuponit,willconquer:
letsuchaoneberetainedincommand!
Thegeneralthathearkensnottomycounselnoractsuponit,willsufferdefeat:
--letsuchaonebedismissed!
计利以听,乃为之势,以佐其外。
Whileheadingtheprofitofmycounsel,availyourselfalsoofanyhelpfulcircumstancesoverandbeyondtheordinaryrules.
势者,因利而制权也。
Accordingascircumstancesarefavorable,oneshouldmodifyone'splans.
兵者,诡道也。
Allwarfareisbasedondeception.
故能而示之不能,用而示之不用,近而示之远,远而示之近。
Hence,whenabletoattack,wemustseemunable;whenusingourforces,wemustseeminactive;whenwearenear,wemustmaketheenemybelievewearefaraway;whenfaraway,wemustmakehimbelievewearenear.
利而诱之,乱而取之,
Holdoutbaitstoenticetheenemy.Feigndisorder,andcrushhim.
实而备之,强而避之,
Ifheissecureatallpoints,bepreparedforhim.Ifheisinsuperiorstrength,evadehim.
怒而挠之,卑而骄之,
Ifyouropponentisofcholerictemper,seektoirritatehim.Pretendtobeweak,thathemaygrowarrogant.
佚而劳之,亲而离之,
Ifheistakinghisease,givehimnorest.Ifhisforcesareunited,separatethem.
攻其无备,出其不意。
Attackhimwhereheisunprepared,appearwhereyouarenotexpected.
此兵家之胜,不可先传也。
Thesemilitarydevices,leadingtovictory,mustnotbedivulgedbeforehand.
夫未战而庙算胜者,得算多也;未战而庙算不胜者,得算少也。
多算胜少算,而况于无算乎!
吾以此观之,胜负见矣。
Nowthegeneralwhowinsabattlemakesmanycalculationsinhistemplewherethebattleisfought.Thegeneralwholosesabattlemakesbutfewcalculationsbeforehand.Thusdomanycalculationsleadtovictory,andfewcalculationstodefeat:
howmuchmorenocalculationatall!
ItisbyattentiontothispointthatIcanforeseewhoislikelytowinorlose.
作战第二
II.WagingWar
孙子曰:
凡用兵之法,驰车千驷,革车千乘,带甲十万,千里馈粮。
则内外之费,宾客之用,胶
漆之材,车甲之奉,日费千金,然后十万之师举矣。
SunTzusaid:
Intheoperationsofwar,wherethereareinthefieldathousandswiftchariots,asmanyheavychariots,andahundredthousandmail-cladsoldiers,withprovisionsenoughtocarrythemathousandli,theexpenditureathomeandatthefront,includingentertainmentofguests,smallitemssuchasglueandpaint,andsumsspentonchariotsandarmor,willreachthetotalofathousandouncesofsilverperday.Suchisthecostofraisinganarmyof100,000men.
其用战也,胜久则钝兵挫锐,攻城则力屈,
Whenyouengageinactualfighting,ifvictoryislongincoming,thenmen'sweaponswillgrowdullandtheirardorwillbedamped.Ifyoulaysiegetoatown,youwillexhaustyourstrength.
久暴师则国用不足。
Again,ifthecampaignisprotracted,theresourcesoftheStatewillnotbeequaltothestrain.
夫钝兵挫锐,屈力殚货,则诸侯乘其弊而起,虽有智者不能善其后矣。
Now,whenyourweaponsaredulled,yourardordamped,yourstrengthexhaustedandyourtreasurespent,otherchieftainswillspringuptotakeadvantageofyourextremity.Thennoman,howeverwise,willbeabletoaverttheconsequencesthatmustensue.
故兵闻拙速,未睹巧之久也。
Thus,thoughwehaveheardofstupidhasteinwar,clevernesshasneverbeenseenassociatedwithlongdelays.
夫兵久而国利者,未之有也。
Thereisnoinstanceofacountryhavingbenefitedfromprolongedwarfare.
故不尽知用兵之害者,则不能尽知用兵之利也。
Itisonlyonewhoisthoroughlyacquaintedwiththeevilsofwarthatcanthoroughlyunderstandtheprofitablewayofcarryingiton.
善用兵者,役不再籍,粮不三载,
Theskillfulsoldierdoesnotraiseasecondlevy,neitherarehissupply-wagonsloadedmorethantwice.
取用于国,因粮于敌,故军食可足也。
Bringwarmaterialwithyoufromhome,butforageontheenemy.Thusthearmywillhavefoodenoughforitsneeds.
国之贫于师者远输,远输则百姓贫;
PovertyoftheStateexchequercausesanarmytobemaintainedbycontributionsfromadistance.Contributingtomaintainanarmyatadistancecausesthepeopletobeimpoverished.
近师者贵卖,贵卖则百姓财竭,
Ontheotherhand,theproximityofanarmycausespricestogoup;andhighpricescausethepeople'ssubstancetobedrainedaway.
财竭则急于丘役。
Whentheirsubstanceisdrainedaway,thepeasantrywillbeafflictedbyheavyexactions.
力屈中原、内虚于家,百姓之费,十去其七;公家之费,破军罢马,甲胄矢弓,戟盾矛橹,丘牛大车,十去其六。
Withthislossofsubstanceandexhaustionofstrength,thehomesofthepeoplewillbestrippedbare,andthree-tenthsoftheirincomewillbedissipated;whilegovernmentexpensesforbrokenchariots,worn-outhorses,breast-platesandhelmets,bowsandarrows,spearsandshields,protectivemantles,draught-oxenandheavywagons,willamounttofour-tenthsofitstotalrevenue.
故智将务食于敌,食敌一钟,当吾二十钟;□①杆一石,当吾二十石。
Henceawisegeneralmakesapointofforagingontheenemy.Onecartloadoftheenemy'sprovisionsisequivalenttotwentyofone'sown,andlikewiseasinglepiculofhisprovenderisequivalenttotwentyfromone'sownstore.
故杀敌者,怒也;取敌之利者,货也。
Nowinordertokilltheenemy,ourmenmustberousedtoanger;thattheremaybeadvantagefromdefeatingtheenemy,theymusthavetheirrewards.
车战得车十乘以上,赏其先得者而更其旌旗。
车杂而乘之,卒善而养之,是谓胜敌而益强。
Thereforeinchariotfighting,whentenormorechariotshavebeentaken,thoseshouldberewardedwhotookthefirst.Ourownflagsshouldbesubstitutedforthoseoftheenemy,andthechariotsmingledandusedinconjunctionwithours.Thecapturedsoldiersshouldbekindlytreatedandkept.Thisiscalled,usingtheconqueredfoetoaugmentone'sownstrength.
故兵贵胜,不贵久。
Inwar,then,letyourgreatobjectbevictory,notlengthycampaigns.
故知兵之将,民之司命。
国家安危之主也。
Thusitmaybeknownthattheleaderofarmiesisthearbiterofthepeople'sfate,themanonwhomitdependswhetherthenationshallbeinpeaceorinperil.
【注:
】①:
“忌”加“艹”头。
谋攻第三
III.AttackbyStratagem
孙子曰:
夫用兵之法,全国为上,破国次之;全军为上,破军次之;全旅为上,破旅次之;全卒
为上,破卒次之;全伍为上,破伍次之。
SunTzusaid:
Inthepracticalartofwar,thebestthingofallistotaketheenemy'scountrywholeandintact;toshatteranddestroyitisnotsogood.So,too,itisbettertorecaptureanarmyentirethantodestroyit,tocapturearegiment,adetachmentoracompanyentirethantodestroythem.
是故百战百胜,非善之善也;不战而屈人之兵,善之善者也。
Hencetofightandconquerinallyourbattlesisnotsupremeexcellence;supremeexcellenceconsistsinbreakingtheenemy'sresistancewithoutfighting.
故上兵伐谋,其次伐交,其次伐兵,其下攻城。
Thusthehighestformofgeneralshipistobalktheenemy'splans;thenextbestistopreventthejunctionoftheenemy'sforces;thenextinorderistoattacktheenemy'sarmyinthefield;andtheworstpolicyofallistobesiegewalledcities.
攻城之法,为不得已。
修橹□①□②,具器械,三月而后成;距堙,又三月而后已。
Theruleis,nottobesiegewalledcitiesifitcanpossiblybeavoided.Thepreparationofmantlets,movableshelters,andvariousimplementsofwar,willtakeupthreewholemonths;andthepilingupofmoundsoveragainstthewallswilltakethreemonthsmore.
将不胜其忿而蚁附之,杀士卒三分之一,而城不拔者,此攻之灾也。
Thegeneral,unabletocontrolhisirritation,willlaunchhismentotheassaultlikeswarmingants,withtheresultthatone-thirdofhismenareslain,whilethetownstillremainsuntaken.Sucharethedisastrouseffectsofasiege.
故善用兵者,屈人之兵而非战也,拔人之城而非攻也,毁人之国而非久也,
Thereforetheskillfulleadersubduestheenemy'stroopswithoutanyfighting;hecapturestheircitieswithoutlayingsiegetothem;heoverthrowstheirkingdomwithoutlengthyoperationsinthefield.
必以全争于天下,故兵不顿而利可全,此谋攻之法也。
WithhisforcesintacthewilldisputethemasteryoftheEmpire,andthus,withoutlosingaman,histriumphwillbecomplete.Thisisthemethodofattackingbystratagem.
故用兵之法,十则围之,五则攻之,倍则分之,
Itistheruleinwar,ifourforcesaretentotheenemy'sone,tosurroundhim;iffivetoone,to