火车票自动售票机系统交互设计.docx

火车票自动售票机系统交互设计.docx

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火车票自动售票机系统交互设计

火车票自动售票机系统交互设计

摘要：

我国铁路已经进入高速发展阶段，窗口式售票形式已经不能快节奏的生活节奏，火车票自动售票系统应运而生。

火车票自动售票机作为一个新兴产品其人机交互的友好性、实用性以及功能的完整性都有待进一步的考虑。

文本通过逐步分析自动售票机人机交互系统的各个组件，在通过实地调研得出火车票自动售票机人机交互设计的基本原则和方法。

以用户为导向，提出了现有自动售票机的不足，以及用户对未来自动售票机的需求，建立了改进原有自动售票机的设计方向，最后提出了一个人机交互设计的改进方案，试图为现有自动售票机交互设计的发展方向提供一定的参考。

关键字火车票自动售票机人机交互交互系统界面设计

Ourcountry’srailwayhassteppedonthestageofrapiddevelopment;however,thewindowssellingcannotkeepupwiththehighpaceofmodernlife.Sotheticketvendorsystemcameintobeing.Thetraintickervendorhastoreceivethefurtherconsiderationinitsfriendlinessbetweenthemachineandcustomers,initspracticabilityandintegrityoffunctions.Thetextanalyzedeveryelementofmanandmachineinteractionsystemoftheticketvendorandfiguredoutthemethodandfundamentalprinciplesofthedesignforthemachine.User-oriented,wefindoutthedisadvantagesofthepresentticketvendorandusers’demandsforthevendorinthefuture.Now,thedirectionofthepreviousdesignhasbeenimprovedandaschemaofthepolisheddesignhasbeenpresentedresultinginprovidingareferenceforthedevelopmentaldirectionofdesignfortheticketvendorinteractionsystem.

DOGeye:

Controllingyourhomewitheyeinteraction

∙DarioBonino 

∙EmilianoCastellina 

∙FulvioCorno 

∙LuigiDeRussis

∙

∙PolitecnicodiTorino,DipartimentodiAutomaticaedInformatica,CorsoDucadegliAbruzzi24,10129Torino,Italy

∙

∙Received29October2021.Revised15April2021.Accepted15June2021.Availableonline23June2021.

∙

∙http:

//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2021.06.002, HowtoCiteorLinkUsingDOI

∙CitedbyinScopus（0）

∙Permissions&Reprints

Abstract

Nowadayshomeautomation,withitsincreasedavailability,reliabilityandwithitseverreducingcostsisgainingmomentumandisstartingtobecomeaviablesolutionforenablingpeoplewithdisabilitiestoautonomouslyinteractwiththeirhomesandtobettercommunicatewithotherpeople.However,especiallyforpeoplewithseveremobilityimpairments,thereisstillalackoftoolsandinterfacesforeffectivecontrolandinteractionwithhomeautomationsystems,andgeneral–purposesolutionsareseldomapplicableduetothecomplexity,asynchronicity,timedependentbehavior,andsafetyconcernstypicalofthehomeenvironment.Thispaperfocusesonuser–environmentinterfacesbasedontheeyetrackingtechnology,whichoftenistheonlyviableinteractionmodalityforusersassuch.Weproposeaneye-basedinterfacetacklingthespecificrequirementsofsmartenvironments,alreadyoutlinedinapublicRecommendationissuedbytheCOGAINEuropeanNetworkofExcellence.TheproposedinterfacehasbeenimplementedasasoftwareprototypebasedontheETUuniversaldriver,thusbeingpotentiallyabletorunonavarietyofeyetrackers,anditiscompatiblewithawidesetofsmarthometechnologies,handledbytheDomoticOSGiGateway.Afirstinterfaceevaluation,withusertestingsessions,hasbeencarriedandresultsshowthattheinterfaceisquiteeffectiveandusablewithoutdiscomfortbypeoplewithalmostregulareyemovementcontrol.

Highlights

►Letspeoplewithimpairedmobilityinteractautonomouslywiththeirsmarthomes.►Reportsprinciplesforrealizinganapplicationforhousecontrolwitheyetracking.►Designanddevelopmentofamultimodaleye-basedinterfaceforenvironmentalcontrol.►Qualitativeandquantitativeevaluation,throughuserstudy,oftheproposedinterface.

Keywords

∙Human–homeinteraction; 

∙Smarthomes; 

∙Domotics; 

∙Usability; 

∙Userinterface; 

∙Userstudy

∙

1.Introduction

Inthelast5 years,（smart）homeautomationgainedanewmomentum,thankstoanincreasedavailabilityofcommercialsolutionsandtosteadlyreducingcosts.Theevergreenappealofautomated,intelligenthomestogetherwitharaisingtechnologymaturityhasfosterednewresearchchallengesandopportunitiesinthefieldof“intelligent”or“smart”environments.AccordingtotheMarkWeiserdefinition,aSmartHomesystem,thatinthispaperwedeclineasdomoticorenvironmentalcontrolsystem,is“aphysicalworldthatisrichlyandinvisiblyinterwovenwithsensors,actuators,displaysandcomputationalelements,embeddedseamlesslyintheeverydayobjectofourlives,andconnectedthroughacontinuousnetwork”（Weiser,2021）,providingwaysforcontrolling,interactingandmonitoringthehouse.Theideabehindthisvisionisthathomesoftomorrowwouldbesmartenoughtocontrolthemselves,understandcontextsinwhichtheyoperateandperformsuitableactionsunderinhabitants’supervision（Bierhoffetal.,2021）.Althoughsmartandautonomoushomesmightraisecontroversialopinionsonhowsmartaretheyorshouldtheybe,currentlyavailablecommercialsolutionscanstartplayingarelevantroleasenablingtechnologyforimprovingthecareoftheelderly（ [Berlo,2021] and [Zhangetal.,2021]）andofpeoplewithdisabilities（[ChikhaouiandPigot,2021] and [Chanetal.,2021]）,reducingtheirdailyworkloadinthehouse,andenablingthemtolivemoreautonomouslyandwithabetterqualityoflife.Evenifsuchsystemsarefarfromcutting-edgeresearchsolutions,theyarestillreallycomplextomastersincetheyhandleandcoordinateseveraldevicesandapplianceswithdifferentfunctionalitiesandwithdifferentcontrolgranularities.

Inparticular,amongotherdisabilities,peoplewhohaveseverelyimpairedmotorabilitiescantakegreatadvantagesfromeyetrackingsystemstocontroltheirhomes,sincetheygenerallyretainnormalcontroloftheireyes,thatbecomethereforetheirpreferentialstreamofinteraction（HornofandCavender,2021）.Eyetrackingcantransformssuchalimitedabilityintobothacommunicationchannelandaninteractionmedium,openingpossibilitiesforcomputer-basedcommunicationandcontrolsolutions（Doneganetal.,2021）.Evenifeyetrackingisoftenusedforregisteringeyemovementsinusabilitystudies,itcanbesuccessfullyexploitedasalternativeinputmodalitytocontroluserinterfaces.Homeautomationcanthenbridgethegapbetweensoftwareandtangibleobjects,enablingpeoplewithmotordisabilitiestoeffectivelyandphysicallyengagewiththeirsurroundings（Andrichetal.,2021）.Severalhousecontrolinterfaceshavebeenproposedintheliterature,i.e.,applicationstoallowsuserstocontroldifferenttypesofdevicesintheirhomes,tohandletriggeredalarms,etc.Suchinterfaces,eitherbasedonconventionalunimodal（KoskelaandVäänänen-Vainio-Mattila,2021）ormultimodalinteractions（Weingartenetal.,2021）（e.g.,mouse,remotecontroller,etc.）,aretoooftenuncomfortableand/oruselessforpeoplewithsevereimpairedmotorabilities,andonlyfewofthemhavebeenspecificallydesignedanddevelopedtobecontrolledwitheyemovements.

In2021,applicationsbasedongazeinteractionhavebeenanalyzedbyaEuropeanNetworkofExcellence,namedCOGAIN（CommunicationbyGazeInteraction）2,toevaluatethestate-of-the-artandtoidentifypotentialweaknessesandfuturedevelopments.Accordingtothereport“D2.4AsurveyofExisting‘defacto’StandardsandSystemsofEnvironmentalControl”（Batesetal.,2021）,theCOGAINNetworkidentifieddifferentproblemsineye-basedhousecontrolapplications,suchasthelackofadvancedfunctionalitiesforcontrollingsomeappliancesofthehouse,theabsenceofinteroperabilitybetweendifferentsmarthousesystemsorthedifficultytouseaneyetrackerforrealizingsomeactions.Inasubsequentreport（Cornoetal.,2021）,COGAINmembersproposedsolutionstoovercomethediscoveredproblems.Inparticular,theyproposed21guidelinestopromotesafetyandaccessibilityineyetrackingbasedenvironmentalcontrolapplications.

ThispaperdescribesthedesignanddevelopmentofDOGeye,oneofthefirsthomecontrolapplicationsdesignedforgaze-basedinteractionandbyexplicitlyaccountingfortheCOGAINguidelines.DOGeyeisamultimodaleye-basedapplicationforhomemanagementandcontrol,basedonstate-of-the-arttechnologiesinbothtrackingandhomecontrol.Itenablespeopletocontroltheirdomotichomesthroughdifferentinputdevices,possiblycombined,sothatitdoesnotlimititselftoeyetrackingonly.ThepresenceofvariousinputmodalitiesallowsapplicationusebyotherpeoplepresentinthehouseandoffersdifferentalternativestothepersonsaffectedbypossiblyevolvingimpairmentssuchastheALS（AmyothrophicLateralSclerosis）.

Theremainderofthepaperisorganizedasfollows:

Section 2 presentsthebasicfeaturesofeyetrackingtechnologyandthecharacteristicsofeye-baseduserinterfaceswhileSection 3 presentstheworkaccomplishedbythemembersoftheCOGAINNetworkanddescribesCOGAINguidelinesforeyetrackingbasedenvironmentalcontrolapplications.Section 4 reportsrelevantrelatedworksandfindings.DOGeyedesignandarchitectureisdescribedinSection 5,whileSections 6 and 7 reportthesetupandresultsofausertestinvolvingpeopleinacontrolledenvironment,thusbuildingthebasisforfurtherconsiderationsandresearch.Section 8 concludesthepaperandoutlinesfutureworks.

2.Eyetrackingbasics

Tobetterunderstandtheprinciplesandimplementationofeyecontrolledinterface,thissectiondefinessometermsandfeaturespertainingtoeyemovementsandeyetracking.

Theeyedoesnotgenerallymovesmoothlyoverthevisualfield;instead,itmakesaseriesofquickjumps,called saccades,alongwithotherspecializedmovements（HaberandHershenson,1973）.Asaccadelasts30–120 ms,andtypicallycovers15–20degreesofvisualangle（Jacob,1995）.Betweensaccades,thegazepoint,i.e.,thepointinascenewhereapersonislooking,staysatthesameloca