新编简明英语语言学教程戴炜栋612章复习资料.docx

新编简明英语语言学教程戴炜栋612章复习资料.docx

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新编简明英语语言学教程戴炜栋612章复习资料

1.Majorsenserelations

（1）Synonymy:

同义关系referstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.①Dialectalsynonyms—synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects.Eg.BritishEnglish:

autumn.AmericanEnglish:

fall.②Stylisticsynonyms---Synonymsdifferinginstyle.Eg.Start,begin,commence③Synonymsthatdifferentintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning.Eg.Thetwowordscollaboratorandaccomplicearesynonymousinthattheysharethemeaningof“apersonwhohelpsanother”,buttheydifferinthatacollaboratorhelpsanotherindoingsomethinggood,whileanaccomplicehelpsanotherinacriminalact.④Semanticallydifferentsynonyms.Eg.Thetwowordsamazeandastoundareverycloseinmeaningtothewordsurprise,buthaveverysubtledifferences.Whileamazesuggestsconfusionandbewilderment,astoundsuggestsdifficultyinbelieving.⑤Collocationalsynonyms.Eg.charge….With,rebuke….for,sourmilk

（2）.Polysemy:

多义现象Itreferstodifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Eg.Ifwelookupheword“table”inanydictionary,wewillfindthefollowingmeanings:

1）apieceoffurniture,2）allthepeopleseatedattable,3）thefoodthatisputonthetable,4）athinflatpieceofstone,metal,wood,etc,andsoon

（3）.Homonymy同音异义referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.1）Homophones同音异义—whentwowordsareidenticalinsound.Eg.Meet/meat;son/sun;night/knight;HomonymyHomographs同形异义—whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling.Eg.minuten/minuteadj;tearv./tearn;leadv./leadn.Completehomonyms—whentwowordsareidenticalinbothspellingandsound.Eg.Fastadj./fastv.scalen./scalev.

（4）.Hyponymy下义关系Itreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledsuperordinate上义词,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms下义词.Eg.Superordinate:

animal,hyponyms:

dog,cat,tiger,lion,fox,bear.

（5）Antonymy反义关系It’sthetermusedforoppositenessofmeaning.①Gradableantonyms分级反义词（amatterofdegree）.Eg.Old—middle-aged—young;hot-warm-cold.②Complementaryantonyms互补反义词（thedenialofonememberofpairimpliestheassertionoftheother）.Eg.Alive—dead;male—female;③Relationalopposites关系反义词（Pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalledrelationalopposites）Eg.father-son;teacher-pupil;doctor-patient;buy-sell;above-below;north-south

2.Semantics：

canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.

3.Thenamingtheory--Plato.wordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.Limitation:

1.thistheoryseemsapplicabletonounsonly.2.withinthecategoryofnouns,therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworldatall.

4.Theconceptualistview:

thereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto;intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind../semantictriangle语义三角,triangleofsignificance意义三角

5.Contextualism：

J.R.Firth.It’sbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts./thesituationalandthelinguisticcontext.

6.Behaviorism:

Bloomfield.Itreferstotheattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthe”situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.

7.Sense:

It’sconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.It’sthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,it’sabstractandde-contextualized.（Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompiliersareinterested）

8.Reference:

Itmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

Acertainsensecanberealizedbymorethanonereferences,acertainreferencecanbeexpressedbymorethanonesense.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.

9.senserelationbetweensentences句子间的意义关系XissynonymouswithY.（同义）,XisinconsistentwithY.（不一致），XentailsY.（X包含于Y中）,XpresupposesY.（Y是X的先决条件），Xisacontradiction.（自我矛盾）,Xissemanticallyanomalous.（语义反常）

10.Componentialanalysis（CA）成分分析—awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning.Itisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledSemanticfeatures.

Plusandminimumssignsareusedtoindicatewhetheracertainsemanticfeatureispresentorabsent,thesefeaturesymbolsareusuallywrittenincapitalizedletters.Eg.Boy=[+HUMAN][-ADULT][+MALE]man=[+HUMAN][+ADULT][+MALE]

11.PredicationAnalysis述谓结构分析—awaytoanalyzesentencemeaning,由BritishLinguistG.Leech提出Predicationistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence,itappliestoallformsofasentence,includingstatements,imperativeandinterrogative.（themeaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.）1）grammatical2）semanticmeaning.

PredicationconsistsofArguments变元andPredicates谓词.Anargumentisalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelementsinasentence,apredicateissomethingsaidaboutanargumentoritstatesthelogicalrelationlinkingtheargumentsinasentence.one-placepredicationeg,“Tomsmokes”argument:

”TOM”predicate:

“SMOKE”,thepredition:

TOM（SMOKE）,two-placepredication）eg,“Kidslikeapples”KID,APPLE（LIKE）,no-placepredicationeg,“Itishot”（BETHOT）.

12.Pragmatics:

语用学Pragmaticsisthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.

13.PragmaticsVSSemantics:

distinguish→context,ThepublicationofSaussure’sworkCourseofGeneralLinguisticsintheearly20thcenturymarkedthebeginningofmodernlinguistics.

14.Context:

it’sgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.

15.SentencemeaningandUtterancemeaning:

Ifwetakeitasagrammaticalunitandconsideritasaseli-containedunitinisolationfromcontext,thenweareregardingitasasentence./Ifwetakeitassomethingaspeakeruttersinacertainsituationwithacertainpurpose,thenwearetakingittobeanutterance.区别：

themeaningofsentenceisabstract,anddecontextualized,anutteranceisconcrete,contextualized.联系：

Themeaningofanutteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning,it’stherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.

Eg.Nowtakethesentence“Theroomismessy”asanexample.Semanticanalysisofthemeaningofthesentenceresultsintheone-placepredicationROOM（BEMESSY）.Thenapragmaticanalysisoftheutterancewillrevelwhatthespeakerintendtodowithit.Forexample,itcouldhavebeenutteredbyamotherandherson,whenamotherenteredintoherson’sroom,andfoundhisroomwasindisorder.Thusshesaidtoherson:

”Theroomismessy.”Sheinfactwasblaminghimforlazinessandaskedhimtocleanit.

16.Speechacttheory言语行为理论:

（1）首先JohnAustin.It’sanimportanttheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage.it’saphilosophicalexplanationofthenatureoflinguisticcommunication.itaimstoanswerthequestion”whatdowedowhenusinglanguage?

”Austin’smodel:

Constatives叙事话语：

werestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.performatives行事话语:

didnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable然后又建立了三种行为理论：

locutionaryact言内行为→句子词组的表面意义,illocutionaryact言外行为→暗含义,perlocutionaryact言后行为→执行的动作，以youhaveleftthedoorwideopen为例.Locutionaryact:

:

expressedwhateachwordofthissentenceliterallymean.illocutionaryact:

expressedhisintentionofspeaking,askingsomeonetoclosethedoor.Perlocutionaryact:

someoneheardthesentence,andclosethedoor,thenthisactissuccessfullyperformed.语言学家对言外行为illocutionaryact最感兴趣

（2）.美国哲学语言学家JohnSearle对言外行为分成了5类1）阐述性Representatives---statingordescribing,sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue例词:

stating,believing,swearing,hypothesizing最有代表性,2）指令性Directives---tryingtogetthehearertodosomething例词:

inviting,suggesting,requesting,advising,warning,threatening,ordering3）承诺性Commissives---future例词:

promising,undertaking,vowing4）表达类Expressives---thespeakerisexpressinghisfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs.例词:

apologizing,thanking,congratulating5）宣告类Declarations---thesuccessfulperformanceofanactofthistypebringsaboutthecorrespondencebetweenwhatissaidandreality.例句Inowdeclarethemeetingopen/Iappointyouchairmanofthecommittee/Ifireyou.这五类differintheirstrengthorforce.

17.Principleofconversation会话原则→CooperativePrinciple合作原则:

InGrice’sview,toconversewitheachother,theparticipantsmustfirstofallbewillingtocooperate;otherwise,itwouldnotbepossibleforthemtocarryonthetalk.ThisgeneralprincipleiscalledtheCooperativePrinciple（CP）1）themaximofQuantity数量原则---你说的话应包含所需内容且不可超过内容要求eg.A:

WhenisSusan’sfarewellparty?

B:

Sometimenextmonth.2）themaximofQuality质量原则---不说你认为是假的话或你缺乏足够证据的话.Eg.A:

WouldyouliketojoinusforthepicniconSunday?

B:

I’mafraidIhavegotaclassonSunday.3）themaximofrelation关系原则--使你的话与话题相关eg.A:

Howdidmathexamgotoday,Tom?

B:

WehadaBasketballmatchwiththeotherclassandwebeatthem.4）themaximofmanner方式原则--避免模糊、歧义，应简明有序。

Eg.A:

Shallwegetsomethingforthekids.B:

Yes.ButIvetoI-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.

18.Additionofnewwords1）Coinage创新词：

Anewwordcanbecoinedoutrighttofitsomepurpose,mostlyfornewthingsandobjects.Eg.digitalcamera,Taikonaut.2