GRE最新练习题8.docx

GRE最新练习题8.docx

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GRE最新练习题8

SECTION1

Time–30minutes

18Questions

1.WhilemanyRussiancomposersofthe

nineteenthcenturycontributedtoanemerging

nationalstyle,othercomposersdidnot----

idiomaticRussianmusicalelements,----instead

thetraditionalmusicalvocabularyofWestern

EuropeanRomanticism.

（A）utilize..rejecting

（B）incorporate..preferring

（C）exclude..avoiding

（D）repudiate..expanding

（E）esteem..disdaining

2.BecausethepainterAlbertPinkhamRyderwas

obsessedwithhis----perfection,hewasrarely

----apainting,creatingendlessvariationsofa

sceneononecanvas,oneontopofanother.

（A）questfor..satisfiedwith

（B）insistenceon..displeasedwith

（C）contemptfor..disconcertedby

（D）alienationfrom..immersedin

（E）needfor..concernedwith

3.Objectivelysetstandardscanserveasa----for

physicians,providingthem----unjustified

malpracticeclaims.

（A）trial..evidenceof

（B）model..experiencewith

（C）criterion..reasonsfor

（D）test..questionsabout

（E）safeguard..protectionfrom

4.Inspiteof----reviewsinthepress,the

productionofherplaywas----almostcertain

oblivionbyenthusiasticaudienceswhose

acumenwasgreaterthanthatofthecritics.

（A）lukewarm..condemnedto

（B）scathing..exposedto

（C）lackluster..rescuedfrom

（D）sensitive..reducedto

（E）admiring..insuredagainst

5.Thepassionsofloveandprideareoftenfound

inthesameindividual,buthavinglittlein

common,theymutually----,nottosaydestroy,

eachother.

（A）reinforce

（B）annihilate

（C）enhance

（D）weaken

（E）embrace

6.Thenecessityofestablishingdiscretecategories

forobservationsfrequentlyleadstoattemptsto

makeabsolute----whenthereareinreality

only----.

（A）analyses..hypotheses

（B）correlations..digressions

（C）distinctions..gradations

（D）complications..ambiguities

（E）conjectures..approximations

7.AuniqueclaydiskfoundattheMinoansiteof

Phaistosisoften----astheearliestexampleof

printingbyscholarswhohavedefendeditsclaim

tothisstatusdespiteequivalentclaimsput

forwardforotherprintingartifacts.

（A）questioned

（B）overlooked

（C）adduced

（D）conceded

（E）dismissed

8.EXEMPT:

LIABILITY:

:

（A）flout:

authority

（B）bestow:

reward

（C）permit:

request

（D）restrain:

disorder

（E）pardon:

penalty

9.FULL-BODIED:

FLAVOR:

:

（A）penetrating:

vision

（B）humorous:

character

（C）salacious:

language

（D）nostalgic:

feeling

（E）resonant:

sound

10.LEGACY:

PREDECESSOR:

:

（A）gift:

donor

（B）gratuity:

service

（C）contribution:

charity

（D）receipt:

customer

（E）loan:

collector

11.HERO:

ADMIRABLE:

:

（A）critic:

capricious

（B）braggart:

surly

（C）eccentric:

unconventional

（D）anarchist:

powerful

（E）enemy:

immoral

12.GALVANIZE:

STIMULATE:

:

（A）agitate:

occlude

（B）incubate:

humidify

（C）sterilize:

separate

（D）irrigate:

flush

（E）purify:

amalgamate

13.MANIFEST:

PERCEIVE:

:

（A）porous:

tear

（B）renovated:

improve

（C）doubtful:

assess

（D）brittle:

break

（E）elite:

qualify

14.LOOSE:

CONFINEMENT:

:

（A）forgive:

injury

（B）promulgate:

rule

（C）disabuse:

misconception

（D）redress:

allegation

（E）disengage:

independence

15.BLANDISHMENT:

COAX:

:

（A）prevarication:

deceive

（B）reverie:

dream

（C）persuasion:

coerce

（D）enticement:

impoverish

（E）explanation:

mislead

16.CONVULSION:

CONTRACTION:

:

（A）aggression:

attack

（B）sulkiness:

punishment

（C）persistence:

acquiescence

（D）frenzy:

emotion

（E）indifference:

greeting

Muchoftheresearchonhallucinogenicdrugssuch

asLSDhasfocusedontheneurotransmitterserotonin,

achemicalthatwhenreleasedfromapresynaptic

serotonin-secretingneuroncausesthetransmissionof

（5）anerveimpulseacrossasynapsetoanadjacent

postsynaptic,ortarget,neuron.Therearetwomajor

reasonsforthisemphasis.First,itwasdiscovered

earlyonthatmanyofthemajorhallucinogenshavea

molecularstructuresimilartothatofserotonin.In

（10）addition,animalstudiesofbrainneurochemistry

followingadministrationofhallucinogensinvariably

reportedchangesinserotoninlevels.

Earlyinvestigatorscorrectlyreasonedthatthe

structuralsimilaritytotheserotoninmoleculemight

（15）implythatLSD’seffectsarebroughtaboutbyan

actionontheneurotransmissionofserotonininthe

brain.Unfortunately,theleveloftechnicalexpertise

inthefieldofbrainresearchwassuchthatthis

hypothesishadtobetestedonperipheraltissue

（20）（tissueoutsidethebrain）.Twodifferentgroupsof

scientistsreportedthatLSDpowerfullyblockaded

serotonin’saction.Theirconclusionswerequickly

challenged,however.Wenowknowthattheaction

ofadrugatonesiteinthebodydoesnotnecessarily

（25）correspondtothedrug’sactionatanothersite,

especiallywhenonesiteisinthebrainandtheother

isnot.

Bythe1960’s,technicaladvancespermittedthe

directtestingofthehypothesisthatLSDandrelated

（30）hallucinogensactbydirectlysuppressingtheactivity

ofserotonin-secretingneuronsthemselves—theso-

calledpresynaptichypothesis.Researchersreasoned

thatifthehllucinogenicdrugsactbysuppressingthe

activityofserotonin-secretingneurons,thendrugs

（35）administeredaftertheseneuronshadbeendestroyed

shouldhavenoeffectonbehavior,becausethe

systemwouldalreadybemaximallysuppressed.

Contrarytotheirexpectations,neurondestruction

enhancedtheeffectofLSDandrelatedhallucinogens

（40）onbehavior.Thus,hallucinogenicdrugsapparently

donotactdirectlyonserotonin-secretingneurons.

However,theseandotheravailabledatadosupport

analternativehypothesis,thatLSDandrelateddrugs

actdirectlyatreceptorsitesonserotonintarget

（45）neurons（thepostsynaptichypothesis）.Thefactthat

LSDelicits“serotoninsyndrome”—thatis,causes

thesamekindsofbehaviorsasdoestheadminis-

trationofserotonin—inanimalswhosebrainsare

depletedofserotoninindicatesthatLSDactsdirectly

（50）onserotoninreceptors,ratherthanindirectlythrough

thereleaseofstoresofserotonin.Theenhancedeffect

ofLSDreportedafterserotonindepletioncouldbe

duetoaproliferationofserotoninreceptorsiteson

serotonintargetneurons.Thisphenomenonoften

（55）followsneurondestructionorneurotransmitter

depletion;theincreaseinthenumberofreceptorsites

appearstobeacompensatoryresponsetodecreased

input.Significantly,thishypothesisissupportedby

datafromanumberofdifferentlaboratories.

17.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthe

followingisoneoftheprimaryfactorsthatled

researchersstudyinghallucinogenicdrugsto

focusonserotonin?

（A）Thesuppressionoftheactivityofserotonin-

secretingneuronsbytheadministrationof

hallucinogens

（B）Theobservedsimilaritiesinthechemical

structuresofserotoninandhallucinogens

（C）Theeffectstheadministrationof

hallucinogenshasonserotoninproduction

inthehumanbrain

（D）Serotonin-inducedchangesintheeffectsof

hallucinogensonbehavior

（E）Hallucinogen-inducedchangesintheeffects

ofserotoninonbehavior

18.Itcanbeinferredthatresearchersabandonedthe

presynaptichypothesisbecause

（A）anewandmoreattractivehypothesiswas

suggested

（B）noresearchwasreportedthatsupportedthe

hypothesis

（C）researchresultsprovidedevidenceto

counterthehypothesis

（D）thehypothesiswassupportedonlyby

studiesofanimalsandnotbystudiesof

humanbeings

（E）theleveloftechnicalexpertiseinthefieldof

brainresearchdidnotpermitadequate

testingofthehypothesis

19.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemain

ideaofthepassage?

（A）Researchhassuggestedthatthe

neurotransmitterserotoninisresponsiblefor

theeffectsofhallucinogenicdrogsonthe

brainandonbehavior.

（B）Researchershavespentaninadequateamount

oftimedevelopingtheoriesconcerningtheway

inwhichtheeffectsofhallucinogenicdrugsoccur.

（C）Researchresultsstronglysuggestthat

hallucinogenicdrugscreatetheireffectsby

actingontheserotoninreceptorsiteslocated

ontargetneuronsinthebrain.

（D）Researchershaverecentlymadevaluable

discoveriesconcerningtheeffectsof

depletingtheamountofserotonininthe

brain.

（E）Researchershaveconcludedthathallucinogenic

drugssuppresstheactivityofserotonin-secreting

neurons.

20.Theresearchdescribedinthepassageis

primarilyconcernedwithansweringwhichof

thefollowingquestions?

（A）Howcanresearcherscontroltheeffectsthat

LSDhasonbehavior?

（B）Howareanimals’reactionstoLSDdifferent

fromthoseofhumanbeings?

（C）WhattriggerstheeffectsthatLSDhason

humanbehavior?

（D）Whattechnicaladvanceswouldpermit

researcherstopredictmoreaccuratelythe

effectsofLSDonbehavior?

（E）Whatrelationshipdoesthesuppressionof

neuronactivityhavetotheoccurrenceof

“serotoninsyndrome”?

21.Whichofthefollowingbestdefines“serotonin

syndrome”（line46）asthetermisusedinthe

passage?

（A）Theseriesofbehaviors,usuallyassociated

withtheadministrationofserotonin,thatalso

occurswhenLSDisadministeredtoanimals

whosebrainsaredepletedofserotonin

（B）Theseriesofbehaviors,usuallyassociated

withtheadministrationofLSD,thatalso

occurswhentheamountofserotonininthe

brainisreduced

（C）Themaximalsuppressionofneuronactivity

thatresultsfromthedestructionofserotonin-

secretingneurons

（D）Thereleaseofstores