Education in the United States美国教育word文档良心出品.docx

Education in the United States美国教育word文档良心出品.docx

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EducationintheUnitedStates美国教育word文档良心出品

EducationintheUnitedStates

（1）

EducationintheUnitedStatesismainlyprovidedbythepublicsector,withcontrolandfunding

comingfromthreelevels:

federal,state,andlocal.Childeducationiscompulsory.Therearealsoa

largenumberandwidevarietyofhighereducationinstitutionsthroughoutthecountrythatonecan

choosetoattend,bothpublicandprivate.

教育在美国主要是由公共部门,提供控制和资金来自三个等级:

联邦、州和地方。

孩子的教育是强制性的。

还有许多和各种各样的全国高等教育机构,可以选择参加,两个公共和私人。

Publiceducationisuniversallyavailable.Schoolcurricula,funding,teaching,employment,and

otherpoliciesaresetthroughlocallyelectedschoolboardswithjurisdictionoverschooldistricts

withmanydirectivesfromstatelegislatures.Schooldistrictsareusuallyseparatefromotherlocal

jurisdictions,withindependentofficialsandbudgets.Educationalstandardsandstandardized

testingdecisionsareusuallymadebystategovernments.

公共教育是普遍可用的。

学校课程、资金、教学、就业和其他政策将通过与管辖权地方选举学校董事会学区从州议会许多指令。

学区通常是独立于其他地方政府,与独立的官员和预算。

教育标准和标准化测试的决定通常是由州政府。

Theagesforcompulsoryeducationvarybystate.Itbeginsfromagesfivetoeightandendsfrom

agesfourteentoeighteen.Compulsoryeducationrequirementscangenerallybesatisfiedby

educatingchildreninpublicschools,state-certifiedprivateschools,oranapprovedhomeschool

program.Inmostpublicandprivateschools,educationisdividedintothreelevels:

elementary

school,middleschool（sometimescalledjuniorhighschool）,andhighschool（sometimesreferred

toassecondaryeducation）.

义务教育的年龄变化的状态。

从5至8岁开始和结束从十四岁到十八岁。

义务教育的需求通常可以满足教育孩子在公立学校,国家认证的私立学校,或者批准的家庭学校的计划。

在大多数公立和私立学校,教育分为三个层次:

小学、中学（有时称为初中）,和高中（有时称为中等教育）。

Inalmostallschoolsattheselevels,childrenaredividedbyagegroupsintogrades,rangingfrom

kindergarten（followedbyfirstgrade）fortheyoungestchildreninelementaryschool,upto

twelfthgrade,thefinalyearofhighschool.Theexactagerangeofstudentsinthesegradelevels

variesslightlyfromareatoarea.

在几乎所有的学校在这些层面,孩子们按年龄段划分为等级,从幼儿园（其次是一年级）最小的孩子在小学里,到第12年级,高中的最后一年。

这些学生年级的确切年龄范围地区略有不同。

Post-secondaryeducation,betterknownascollegeintheUnitedStates,isgenerallygoverned

separatelyfromtheelementaryandhighschoolsystem,andisdescribedinaseparatesection

below.

高等教育,更好的被称为“大学”在美国,通常是分开治理中小学系统,和下面的描述在一个单独的部分。

Statistics统计数据

Intheyear2000,therewere76.6millionstudentsenrolledinschoolsfromkindergartenthrough

graduateschools.Ofthese,72percentaged12to17werejudgedacademicallyontrackfortheir

age（enrolledinschoolatorabovegradelevel）.Ofthoseenrolledincompulsoryeducation,5.2

million（10.4percent）wereattendingprivateschools.

有,岁的这些人中17岁至12万名学生参加了学校从幼儿园到研究生院。

7660有,年2000在．

72%在学术上被判定“正轨”,他们的年龄（参加学校以上级别）。

参加义务教育,520万（10.4%）参加私立学校。

Amongthecountry'sadultpopulation,over85percenthavecompletedhighschooland27percent

havereceivedabachelor'sdegreeorhigher.Theaveragesalaryforcollegeoruniversitygraduates

isgreaterthan$51,000,exceedingthenationalaverageofthosewithoutahighschooldiplomaby

morethan$23,000,accordingtoa2005studybytheU.S.CensusBureau.The2010

unemploymentrateforhighschoolgraduateswas10.8%;therateforcollegegraduateswas4.9%.

国家的成年人口中,超过85%已完成高中和27%收到学士学位或更高。

学院或大学毕业生的平均工资大于51000美元,超过了全国平均水平没有高中文凭的超过23000美元,据美国人口普查局2005年的一项研究。

2010年的高中毕业生的失业率为10.8%;大学毕业生的比例是4.9%。

Thecountryhasareadingliteracyrateat99%ofthepopulationoverage15,whilerankingbelow

averageinscienceandmathematicsunderstandingcomparedtootherdevelopedcountries.In

2008,therewasa77%graduationratefromhighschool,belowthatofmostdevelopedcountries.

ThepoorperformancehaspushedpublicandprivateeffortssuchastheNoChildLeftBehindAct.

Inaddition,theratioofcollege-educatedadultsenteringtheworkforcetogeneralpopulation（33%）

isslightlybelowthemeanofotherdevelopedcountries（35%）andrateofparticipationofthe

laborforceincontinuingeducationishigh.A2000sstudybyJonMillerofMichiganState

UniversityconcludedthatAslightlyhigherproportionofAmericanadultsqualifyas

scientificallyliteratethanEuropeanorJapaneseadults.

Schoolgrades学校的成绩

Mostchildrenenterthepubliceducationsystemaroundagesfiveorsix.TheAmericanschool

yeartraditionallybeginsattheendofAugustorthedayafterLaborDayinSeptember,afterthe

traditionalsummerrecess.Childrenareassignedintoyeargroupsknownasgrades,beginning

withpreschool,followedbykindergartenandculminatingintwelfthgrade.Childrencustomarily

advancetogetherfromonegradetothenextasasinglecohortorclassuponreachingtheendof

eachschoolyearinlateMayorearlyJune.

TheAmericaneducationalsystemcomprises12gradesofstudyover12calendaryearsofprimary

andsecondaryeducationbeforegraduatingandbecomingeligibleforcollegeadmission.After

pre-kindergartenandkindergarten,therearefiveyearsinprimaryschool（normallyknownas

elementaryschool）.Aftercompletingfivegrades,thestudentwillenterjuniorhighormiddle

schoolandthenhighschooltogetthehighschooldiploma.

TheU.S.usesordinalnumbers（e.g.,firstgrade）foridentifyinggrades.Typicalagesandgrade

groupingsinpublicandprivateschoolsmaybefoundthroughtheU.S.DepartmentofEducation.

Manydifferentvariationsexistacrossthecountry.

Studentscompletinghighschoolmaychoosetoattendacollegeoruniversity.Undergraduate

degreesmaybeeitherassociate'sdegreesorbachelor'sdegrees（baccalaureate）

Communitycollegetypicallyoffertwo-yearassociate'sdegrees,althoughsomecommunity

collegesofferalimitednumberofbachelor'sdegrees.Somecommunitycollegestudentschooseto

transfertoafour-yearinstitutiontopursueabachelor'sdegree.Communitycollegesaregenerally

publiclyfundedandoffercareercertificationsandpart-timeprograms.

Four-yearinstitutionsmaybepublicorprivatecollegesoruniversities.

Mostpublicinstitutionsarestateuniversities,whicharesponsoredbystategovernmentsand

typicallyreceivefundingthroughsomecombinationoftaxpayerfunds,tuition,privatedonations,

federalgrants,andproceedsfromendowments.Stateuniversitiesareorganizedinawidevariety

ofways,andmanyarepartofastateuniversitysystem.However,notallpublicinstitutionsare

stateuniversities.Thefiveserviceacademies,oneforeachbranchofthearmedforces,are

completelyfundedbythefederalgovernment;theacademiestrainstudents（cadetsormidshipmen）

tobecommissionedofficersinexchangeforamandatorytermofmilitaryservice.Additionally,

somelocalgovernments（countiesandcities）havefour-yearinstitutionsoftheirown-one

exampleistheCityUniversityofNewYork.

Privateinstitutionsareprivatelyfundedandthereiswidevarietyinsize,focus,andoperation.

Someprivateinstitutionsarelargeresearchuniversities,whileothersaresmallliberalartscolleges

thatconcentrateonundergraduateeducation.Someprivateuniversitiesarenonsectarianwhile

othersarereligiouslyaffiliated.Whilemostprivateinstitutionsarenon-profit,anumberarefor

profit.

Curriculumvarieswidelydependingontheinstitution.Typically,anundergraduatestudentwillbe

abletoselectanacademicmajororconcentration,whichcomprisesthemainorspecialsubjects,

andstudentsmaychangetheirmajoroneormoretimes.

Somestudents,typicallythosewithabachelor'sdegree,maychosetocontinueontograduateor

professionalschool.Graduatedegreesmaybeeithermaster'sdegrees（e.g.,M.S.,M.B.A.,M.S.W.）

ordoctorates（e.g.,Ph.D.,J.D.,M.D.）.Academia-focusedgraduateschooltypicallyincludessome

combinationofcourseworkandresearch（oftenrequiringathesisordissertation）,while

professionalschool（e.g.,medical,law,business）grantsafirstprofessionaldegreeandaimsto

preparestudentstoenteralearnedprofession.

Preschool学前教育

Inlargecities,sometimesthereareprivatepreschoolscateringtothechildrenofthewealthy.

BecausesomewealthyfamiliesseetheseschoolsasthefirststeptowardtheIvyLeague,thereare

evencounselorswhospecializeinassistingparentsandtheirtoddlersthroughthepreschool

admissionsprocess.Increasingly,agrowingbodyofpreschoolsareadoptinginternational

standardssuchastheInternationalPreschoolCurriculum

Elementaryandsecondaryeducation初等和中等教育

SchoolingiscompulsoryforallchildrenintheUnitedStates,buttheagerangeforwhichschool

attendanceisrequiredvariesfromstatetostate.Mostchildrenbeginelementaryeducationwith

kindergarten（usuallyfivetosixyearsold）andfinishsecondaryeducationwithtwelfthgrade

（usuallyeighteenyearsold）.Insomecases,pupilsmaybepromotedbeyondthenextregulargrade.

Somestatesallowstudentstoleaveschoolbetween14–17withparentalpermission,before

finishinghighschool;otherstatesrequirestudentstostayinschooluntilage18

EducationalattainmentintheUnitedStates,Age25andOver（2009）

EducationPercentage

Highschoolgraduate86.68%

Somecollege55.60%

Associatesand/orBachelor'sdegree38.54%

Master'sdegree7.62%

Doctorateorprofessionaldegree2.94%

Mostparentssendtheirchildrentoeitherapublicorprivateinstitution.Accordingtogovernment

data,one-tenthofstudentsareenrolledinprivateschools.Approximately85%ofstudentsenter

thepublicschools,largelybecausetheyaretax-subsidized（taxburdensbyschooldistrictsvary

fromareatoarea）.

Therearemorethan14,000