Education in the United States美国教育word文档良心出品.docx

1、Education in the United States美国教育word文档良心出品Education in the United States（1） Education in the United States is mainly provided by the public sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: federal, state, and local. Child education is compulsory. There are also a large number and wide va

2、riety of higher education institutions throughout the country that one can choose to attend, both public and private. 教育在美国主要是由公共部门,提供控制和资金来自三个等级:联邦、州和地方。孩子的教育是强制性的。还有许多和各种各样的全国高等教育机构,可以选择参加,两个公共和私人。 Public education is universally available. School curricula, funding, teaching, employment, and othe

3、r policies are set through locally elected school boards with jurisdiction over school districts with many directives from state legislatures. School districts are usually separate from other local jurisdictions, with independent officials and budgets. Educational standards and standardized testing

4、decisions are usually made by state governments. 公共教育是普遍可用的。学校课程、资金、教学、就业和其他政策将通过与管辖权地方选举学校董事会学区从州议会许多指令。学区通常是独立于其他地方政府,与独立的官员和预算。教育标准和标准化测试的决定通常是由州政府。 The ages for compulsory education vary by state. It begins from ages five to eight and ends from ages fourteen to eighteen. Compulsory education req

5、uirements can generally be satisfied by educating children in public schools, state-certified private schools, or an approved home school program. In most public and private schools, education is divided into three levels: elementary school, middle school (sometimes called junior high school), and h

6、igh school (sometimes referred to as secondary education). 义务教育的年龄变化的状态。从5至8岁开始和结束从十四岁到十八岁。义务教育的需求通常可以满足教育孩子在公立学校,国家认证的私立学校,或者批准的家庭学校的计划。在大多数公立和私立学校,教育分为三个层次:小学、中学(有时称为初中),和高中(有时称为中等教育)。 In almost all schools at these levels, children are divided by age groups into grades, ranging from kindergarten

7、(followed by first grade) for the youngest children in elementary school, up to twelfth grade, the final year of high school. The exact age range of students in these grade levels varies slightly from area to area. 在几乎所有的学校在这些层面,孩子们按年龄段划分为等级,从幼儿园(其次是一年级)最小的孩子在小学里,到第12年级,高中的最后一年。这些学生年级的确切年龄范围地区略有不同。

8、Post-secondary education, better known as college in the United States, is generally governed separately from the elementary and high school system, and is described in a separate section below. 高等教育,更好的被称为“大学”在美国,通常是分开治理中小学系统,和下面的描述在一个单独的部分。 Statistics统计数据 In the year 2000, there were 76.6 million

9、students enrolled in schools from kindergarten through graduate schools. Of these, 72 percent aged 12 to 17 were judged academically on track for their age (enrolled in school at or above grade level). Of those enrolled in compulsory education, 5.2 million (10.4 percent) were attending private schoo

10、ls. 有,岁的这些人中17岁至12万名学生参加了学校从幼儿园到研究生院。7660有,年2000在72%在学术上被判定“正轨”,他们的年龄(参加学校以上级别)。参加义务教育,520万(10.4%)参加私立学校。 Among the countrys adult population, over 85 percent have completed high school and 27 percent have received a bachelors degree or higher. The average salary for college or university graduates

11、is greater than $51,000, exceeding the national average of those without a high school diploma by more than $23,000, according to a 2005 study by the U.S. Census Bureau. The 2010 unemployment rate for high school graduates was 10.8%; the rate for college graduates was 4.9%. 国家的成年人口中,超过85%已完成高中和27%收到

12、学士学位或更高。学院或大学毕业生的平均工资大于51000美元,超过了全国平均水平没有高中文凭的超过23000美元,据美国人口普查局2005年的一项研究。2010年的高中毕业生的失业率为10.8%;大学毕业生的比例是4.9%。 The country has a reading literacy rate at 99% of the population over age 15, while ranking below average in science and mathematics understanding compared to other developed countries. I

13、n 2008, there was a 77% graduation rate from high school, below that of most developed countries. The poor performance has pushed public and private efforts such as the No Child Left Behind Act. In addition, the ratio of college-educated adults entering the workforce to general population (33%) is s

14、lightly below the mean of other developed countries (35%) and rate of participation of the labor force in continuing education is high. A 2000s study by Jon Miller of Michigan State University concluded that A slightly higher proportion of American adults qualify as scientifically literate than Euro

15、pean or Japanese adults. School grades学校的成绩 Most children enter the public education system around ages five or six. The American school year traditionally begins at the end of August or the day after Labor Day in September, after the traditional summer recess. Children are assigned into year groups

16、 known as grades, beginning with preschool, followed by kindergarten and culminating in twelfth grade. Children customarily advance together from one grade to the next as a single cohort or class upon reaching the end of each school year in late May or early June. The American educational system com

17、prises 12 grades of study over 12 calendar years of primary and secondary education before graduating and becoming eligible for college admission. After pre-kindergarten and kindergarten, there are five years in primary school (normally known as elementary school). After completing five grades, the

18、student will enter junior high or middle school and then high school to get the high school diploma. The U.S. uses ordinal numbers (e.g., first grade) for identifying grades. Typical ages and grade groupings in public and private schools may be found through the U.S. Department of Education. Many di

19、fferent variations exist across the country. Students completing high school may choose to attend a college or university. Undergraduate degrees may be either associates degrees or bachelors degrees (baccalaureate) Community college typically offer two-year associates degrees, although some communit

20、y colleges offer a limited number of bachelors degrees. Some community college students choose to transfer to a four-year institution to pursue a bachelors degree. Community colleges are generally publicly funded and offer career certifications and part-time programs. Four-year institutions may be p

21、ublic or private colleges or universities. Most public institutions are state universities, which are sponsored by state governments and typically receive funding through some combination of taxpayer funds, tuition, private donations, federal grants, and proceeds from endowments. State universities

22、are organized in a wide variety of ways, and many are part of a state university system. However, not all public institutions are state universities. The five service academies, one for each branch of the armed forces, are completely funded by the federal government; the academies train students (ca

23、dets or midshipmen) to be commissioned officers in exchange for a mandatory term of military service. Additionally, some local governments (counties and cities) have four-year institutions of their own - one example is the City University of New York. Private institutions are privately funded and th

24、ere is wide variety in size, focus, and operation. Some private institutions are large research universities, while others are small liberal arts colleges that concentrate on undergraduate education. Some private universities are nonsectarian while others are religiously affiliated. While most priva

25、te institutions are non-profit, a number are for profit. Curriculum varies widely depending on the institution. Typically, an undergraduate student will be able to select an academic major or concentration, which comprises the main or special subjects, and students may change their major one or more

26、 times. Some students, typically those with a bachelors degree, may chose to continue on to graduate or professional school. Graduate degrees may be either masters degrees (e.g., M.S.,M.B.A., M.S.W.) or doctorates (e.g., Ph.D., J.D., M.D.). Academia-focused graduate school typically includes some co

27、mbination of coursework and research (often requiring a thesis ordissertation), while professional school (e.g., medical, law, business) grants a first professional degree and aims to prepare students to enter a learned profession. Preschool学前教育 In large cities, sometimes there are private preschool

28、s catering to the children of the wealthy. Because some wealthy families see these schools as the first step toward the Ivy League, there are even counselors who specialize in assisting parents and their toddlers through the preschool admissions process. Increasingly, a growing body of preschools ar

29、e adopting international standards such as the International Preschool Curriculum Elementary and secondary education初等和中等教育 Schooling is compulsory for all children in the United States, but the age range for which school attendance is required varies from state to state. Most children begin element

30、ary education with kindergarten (usually five to six years old) and finish secondary education with twelfth grade (usually eighteen years old). In some cases, pupils may be promoted beyond the next regular grade. Some states allow students to leave school between 1417 with parental permission, befor

31、e finishing high school; other states require students to stay in school until age 18 Educational attainment in the United States, Age 25 and Over (2009) Education Percentage High school graduate 86.68% Some college 55.60% Associates and/or Bachelors degree 38.54% Masters degree 7.62% Doctorate or p

32、rofessional degree 2.94% Most parents send their children to either a public or private institution. According to government data, one-tenth of students are enrolled in private schools. Approximately 85% of students enter the public schools, largely because they are tax-subsidized(tax burdens by school districts vary from area to area). There are more than 14,000