考研英语阅读真题解析上.docx
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考研英语阅读真题解析上
考研英语阅读真题解析上
Specialisationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecialisationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity. Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:
exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,thewordamateurdoescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom. AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway. AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecialisationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience. 51.Thegrowthofspecialisationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuchas________. [A]sociologyandchemistry [B]physicsandpsychology [C]sociologyandpsychology [D]physicsandchemistry 52.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat________. [A]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecialisationandprofessionalisation [B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience [C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity [D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones 53.Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate________. [A]theprocessofspecialisationandprofessionalisation [B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy [C]thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications [D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs 54.Thedirectreasonforspecialisationis________. [A]thedevelopmentincommunication [B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation [C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge [D]thesplittingupofacademicsocieties 重点词汇:
specialisation/7speFElai5zeiFEn/(专业化)即special+is(e)+ation,special(特别的;额外的),-ise动词后缀(specialise即v.专业化),-ation名词后缀;specialist(专家;专科医生)←special+ist后缀表人。
Loveisaspecialaffectionforamanorawoman,whichisstrongerthanthatforanyotherperson.爱情是对一个男人或女人的特殊的好感,它比对其他任何人的好感都强烈。
specialist—adoctorwhosepatientscanbeillonlyduringofficehours专科医生-一位医生:
他的病人只有在上班时间才能生病。
specialist—onewhoknowsmoreandmoreaboutlessandless专家-对越来越少的东西懂得越来越多的人。
response/ris5pCns/(回复;响应)是respond(见2003年Text2)的名词形式。
Thesartorialartistnolessthanthesculptor,thepainterandthemusiciandreamsofcreationsthatwillawakenaresponseinthesouloftheworld.好裁缝跟雕塑家、画家和音乐家一样,梦想着能在世人灵魂中引起反响的作品。
accumulation/Ekju:
mju5leiF(E)n/(积累,堆积)即accumulate+ation,accumulate(v.积累,堆积),-ation名词后缀。
Universityarefullofknowledge;thefreshmenbringalittleinandtheseniorstakenoneaway,andknowledgeaccumulates.大学里充满了知识,新生带进来一些,高年级学生则一点也不带走,于是知识就积累了下来。
Booksaretheever-burninglampsofaccumulatedwisdom.书籍是积累智慧的明灯。
professionalisation/7prE5feFEnElai5zeiFEn/(职业化)即professional+is(e)+ation,professional(职业的;职业人员),-ise动词后缀(professionalise即v.职业化),-ation名词后缀。
Inlovewomanareprofessionals,menareamateurs.在恋爱中女子是专业者,男子是业余者。
clear-cut明确的,清晰的。
amateur/5AmEtE/(业余的;业余爱好者)可记谐音爱慕它,业余爱好者选择某专业必定是爱慕它。
Everyartistwasonceanamateur.所有的艺术家都曾经是业余爱好者。
amateur—ayoungmanwho,whenflatteringwomen,isafraidofoverdoingit业余选手-奉承女人时怕做过头的年轻人。
distinction/dis5tiNkFEn/(差别,区分)即distinct+ion,distinct(清楚的,明显的),-ion名词后缀。
同根词:
extinct灭绝(因为有x而省略s);instinct本能。
Successseemstobethatwhichformsthedistinctionbetweenconfidenceandconceit.成功似乎是形成自信与自负区别的东西。
connotation/7kCnEu5teiFEn/(涵义)即con+not(e)+ation,con-前缀一起,note记录,-ation名词后缀,所有东西都被一起记录在其中→涵义。
integrate/5intieit/(使成为一体)←integr完整+ate,参disintegrate(2003年Text4)。
participation/pB:
7tisi5peiFEn/(参加;分享)即parti+cip+ation,parti(=part),cip(=cap)抓(参captive,2003年Text3),-ation名词后缀,抓取其中一部分→分享;动词为participate←parti+cip+ate.Weparticipateinatragedy;atacomedyweonlylook.悲剧我们参加,喜剧我们仅仅观看。
intermsof依据;用……措辞。
reveal/ri5vi:
l/(v.展现;揭示;泄露)即re+veal,re-前缀(=away),veal(=veil)面纱,揭开面纱→展示。
Apersonrevealshischaracterbynothingsoclearlyasthejokeheresents.没有什么比一个人所反感的笑话更能显露他的为人。
Ifyourevealyoursecretstothewind,youshouldnotblamethewindforrevealingthemtothetrees.你如果把秘密泄露给风,就不应责怪风把秘密泄露给树。
emphasis/5emfEsis/(强调,重点)可看作em+phasis,em-前缀强调,phasis看作是phase(阶段)的复述形式,于是在各阶段里最值得强调的→强调。
Isometimewishthatpeoplewouldputalittlemoreemphasisupontheobservanceofthelawthantheydouponitsenforcement.有时候我但愿人们多把重点放在遵守法律上,而非强调其实施。
primacy/5praimEsi/(首要,首位)即prim(e)+acy,prime首要的,-acy名词后缀,primacy与privacy(隐私)一字母之差,隐私是最首要的。
definition/7defi5niFEn/(定义)即defin(e)+ition,define(下定义;限定)见2002年Text4,-ition名词后缀。
Itisalmostadefinitionofagentlemantosaythatheisonewhoneverinflictspain.说一个人从不给人造成痛苦,这几乎是下了一个关于君子的定义。
represent/7repri5zent/(v.描述;代表)←re+present.Booksonlypartiallyrepresenttheirauthors.图书只是部分地体现了作者。
reflect/ri5flekt/(v.反射;反映;思考)←re回+flect弯曲。
Therearetwowaysofspreadinglight:
Tobethecandle,orthemirrorthatreflectsit.散布光的方法有两种:
当蜡烛或者当反射烛光的镜子。
Whoreflectstoomuchwillaccomplishlittle.思虑过多者一事难成。
referee/7refE5ri:
/(仲裁者v.仲裁)←refer+ee. separate/5sepEreit/(分离的v.分离)←se+par+ate,se-前缀分离,par看作part分离,-ate后缀。
同前缀词:
select(v.选择a.精选的)←se+lect选。
Wesleepinseparaterooms,wehavedinnerapart,wetakeseparatevacations—we‘redoingeverythingwecantokeepourmarriagetogether.我们在分开的房间睡觉,我们分开吃饭,我们分开度假-我们做着能做的一切以维持婚姻。
Youcan’tseparatepeacefromfreedombecausenoonecanbeatpeaceunlesshehashisfreedom你无法将安宁与自由分开,因为得不到自由谁都不会安宁。
delay/di5lei/(v.n.耽搁,延迟)看作de+lay,de-向下,lay放,把事情暂时放下→耽搁。
Neverdelaythatshouldbedonetodayuntiltomorrow.不要把今天应做的事推迟到明天。
reckon/5rekEn/(v.认为;估算)看作re+ckon,re-前缀反复,ckon谐音啃,题目太难了,需要re啃才能估算出答案。
Ireckonbeingillasoneofthegreatpleasuresoflife,providedoneisnottooillandisnotobligedtoworktilloneisbetter.我把生病当作人生一大乐趣,只要病得不太严重,并且在好转之前不被要求工作。
Tosensiblemen,everydayisadayofreckoning.对明智的人来说,每一天的时间都要精打细算。
crucial/5kru:
FEl/(极重要的,决定性的)即cruc+ial,cruc词根(=cross),-ail形容词后缀,处于十字路口的→关键的。
psychology/sai5kClEdVi/(心理学)←psycho+logy,psycho词根心理,-logy后缀……学。
Thepurposeofpsychologyistogiveusacompletelydifferentideaofthethingsweknowbest.心理学的用途是告诉我们对最熟悉事物的完全不同的观念。
psychology—①thesciencethattellsyouwhatyoualreadyknow,inwordsyoucan‘tunderstand②thetheologyofthetwentiethcentury心理学-①一门科学:
它用你听不明白的语言告诉你已经知道的事②20世纪的神学。
inone‘sownright凭自身条件;underway在进行中。
难句解析:
①Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:
exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,thewordamateurdoescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.▲先看前面的句子的主干是No……distinctioncanbedrawnbetween……,冒号后面的内容是进一步说明前面的观点。
在第二个句子中,一上来就有一个转折词nevertheless,表示语意的转折,其主句是thewordamateurdoescarryaconnotation,后面有一个同位语从句,里面有两个并列谓语。
△注意nevertheless表示转折,其后的信息与其前面的信息意思相反,前面讲二者没有很明显的区别,后面便说业余和专业就是不一样。
其次要看清thewordamateurDOEScarryaconnotation而非DOESNOT. ②Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.▲两个分句有同一个主语,即thetrend,两个谓语为wasobvious和canbeillustrated.前一个分句中basedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining修饰areasofscience. △注意beillustrated的用法,这里是举例说明,例证说明的意思;另外intermsof是就某事来说,以某事为例的意思。
③AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.▲本句的主语是acomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalf(中心词为acomparison),谓语是reveals,宾语主体结构是