托福阅读真题解析.docx
《托福阅读真题解析.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《托福阅读真题解析.docx(5页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
托福阅读真题解析
2013年7月14日托福阅读真题解析
第一篇
TOPIC:
AncientGreeksarcedgroves希腊圣林
讲古希腊精神文明和自然有关,尊重自然和宗教信仰有关,他们把神龛建在树木植物多的地方。
不仅古希腊人这样,欧洲其他地方的人也有类似文化,举了欧洲人用树作为神灵的例子。
然后讲了希腊人认为god真实存在,最后谈到保护问题(有一道句子简化题,与亚里士多德和goldenage有关。
补充版本二:
有关AncientGreeksarcedgroves。
讲它怎么跟神有关了,希腊人怎么敬畏他,又跟别人怎么不一样了(神住在林子里,在地上不是天上)又说希腊人不孤单,别的地方也有把林子供起来的,还有这个groves是imperfect的,因为神化后添了别的东西,不自然了。
还有因此希腊人特别注重保护林子。
解析:
本文属古代文明相关话题,所考察的希腊文明在托福过去考试中曾以多种不同角度进行过考察,因其对于欧美文化发展的意义极为重大。
下附关于希腊圣林的介绍。
SacredGroves–theSecretPowerofTrees
Sacredgrovesofoliveandothertreeswereanintrinsicpartofearlyreligion.Theywerethemeetingpointsoftheworldofthegodsandtheworldofthehumans,themortals.Herepriestsofferedanimalsacrificetopleasethegods,linkingtheworldoftheordinarywiththatoftheinvisibleandthespiritual.AccordingtoPlinytheElderinHistorianaturalis:
BookXII,thetreesformedthefirsttemplesofthegods,andevenatthepresentday,thecountrypeople,preservinginalltheirsimplicitytheirancientrites,consecratethefinestamongtheirtreestosomedivinity….eachkindoftreeremainsimmutablyconsecratedtoitsownpeculiardivinity,thebeechtoJupiter,thelaureltoApollo,theolivetoMinerva,themyrtletoVenus,andthepoplartoHercules:
besideswhich,itisourbeliefthattheSylvans,theFauns,andvariouskindsofgoddessNymphs,havethetutelageofthewoods,andwelookuponthosedeitiesasespeciallyappointedtopresideoverthembythewillofheaven.
TheancientGreeksandtheRomanswerenottheonlypeopletoholdthetreesacred.Sacredgroveswere,andcanstillbefoundscatteredasfarafieldasIndia,theMiddleEast,Africa,JapanandanyregionwithCelticancestry.CelticsacredgroveswerecalledNemetons,orNemeta.Theywerethemeetingplacesofthedruidswhopreferredtoperformtheirritualsintheopenair.Manyconsideredthemno-goareaswhereonlytheinitiatedcouldventuresafely.
TheancientRomanpoetLucandescribedasacredgrovenearmodern-dayMarseilleslikethis:
nobirdnestedinthenemeton,nordidanyanimallurknearby;theleavesconstantlyshiveredthoughnobreezestirred.Altarsstoodinitsmidst,andtheimagesofthegods.Everytreewasstainedwithsacrificialblood.theveryearthgroaned,deadyewsrevived;unconsumedtreesweresurroundedwithflame,andhugeserpentstwinedroundtheoaks.Thepeoplefearedtoapproachthegrove,andeventhepriestwouldnotwalkthereatmiddayormidnightlestheshouldthenmeetitsdivineguardian.
第二篇
TOPIC彗星
先说comet不好预测,有的周期长有的短,短的可以看见,然后两个图介绍彗星结构(头部有两个部分加tail),然后说彗星在地球周围没有尾巴很小,接近太阳时就被磁场和太阳风搞大了还多了尾巴。
然后对比longperiodcomet和short的,一个轨道圆,和行星在一个平面,容易被otherplanet影响从而innersolarsystem,另一个椭圆,不在一个plane,最后一段讲了哈雷彗星,76年一次,最后30次中国人都记录了,但17XX哈雷才认为这是一个彗星。
解析:
本文属天文学话题,是托福阅读常考话题之一。
在TPO中天文学文章并未涉及彗星,但有若干篇文章与其话题类似,如谈到陨石、小行星、太阳系行星等,都可以作为借鉴阅读的内容。
从考生回忆来看,普遍对本文回忆得较为完整,说明该文章并不难读。
下附关于comet的全面介绍性文章。
Comets:
Formation,DiscoveryandExploration
Comets–Overview
Acometisanicybodythatreleasesgasordust.Theyareoftencomparedtodirtysnowballs,thoughrecentresearchhasledsomescientiststocallthemsnowydirtballs.Cometscontaindust,ice,carbondioxide,ammonia,methaneandmore.SomeresearchersthinkcometsmighthaveoriginallybroughtsomeofthewaterandorganicmoleculestoEarththatnowmakeuplifehere.
Cometsorbitthesun,butmostarebelievedtoinhabitinanareaknownastheOortCloud,farbeyondtheorbitofPluto.Occasionallyacometstreaksthroughtheinnersolarsystem;somedosoregularly,someonlyonceeveryfewcenturies.Manypeoplehaveneverseenacomet,butthosewhohavewon'teasilyforgetthecelestialshow.
Thesolidnucleusorcoreofacometconsistsmostlyoficeanddustcoatedwithdarkorganicmaterial,withtheicecomposedmainlyoffrozenwaterbutperhapsotherfrozensubstancesaswell,suchasammonia,carbondioxide,carbonmonoxideandmethane.Thenucleusmighthaveasmallrockycore.
Asacometgetsclosertothesun,theiceonthesurfaceofthenucleusbeginsturningintogas,formingacloudknownasthecoma.Radiationfromthesunpushesdustparticlesawayfromthecoma,formingadusttail,whilechargedparticlesfromthesunconvertsomeofthecomet'sgasesintoions,forminganiontail.Sincecomettailsareshapedbysunlightandthesolarwind,theyalwayspointawayfromthesun.
Thenucleiofmostcometsarethoughttomeasure10miles(16km)orless.Somecometshavecomasthatcanreachnearly1millionmiles(1.6millionkilometers)wide,andsomehavetailsreaching100millionmiles(160millionkilometers)long.
Wecanseeanumberofcometswiththenakedeyewhentheypassclosetothesunbecausetheircomasandtailsreflectsunlightorevenglowbecauseofenergytheyabsorbfromthesun.However,mostcometsaretoosmallortoofainttobeseenwithoutatelescope.
Cometsleaveatrailofdebris